ArticleVaccines2023
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Profiles in Maternal Serum and Breast Milk Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: A Longitudinal Prospective Observational Cohort Study.
Article in Vaccines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fc-effector functional antibody assays for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The Effectiveness and Influence of COVID-19 Vaccination on Perinatal Individuals and Their Newborns: An Updated Meta-Analysis.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Review
- Factors Influencing Breast Milk Antibody Titers during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: An Observational Study.Nutrients · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy protects infants against symptomatic COVID-19. Vaccination of lactating mothers may offer additional protection, but our understanding of immune responses in breast milk is limited. We, therefore, performed a single-center prospective cohort study of lactating mothers who received a COVID-19 mRNA primary vaccine series to evaluate the durability, breadth, and neutralizing capacity of the antibody responses in breast milk. Spike IgG- and IgA-binding antibodies of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 in serum and breast milk were quantified over 9 months using Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) V-PLEX assays, and ancestral titers were compared to four variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma) at a single time point. Neutralizing antibodies against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.4/5 were compared before and after vaccination using a pseudovirus-neutralization assay. Eleven lactating mothers received either Pfizer BNT162b2 (7/11) or Moderna mRNA-1273 (4/11) vaccine primary series. IgG and IgA titers increased in serum and breast milk following each dose, peaking 1-4 weeks after series completion. Titers remained significantly elevated for 7-9 months, except for in breast milk IgA which returned to baseline within 1 month. Furthermore, binding antibodies against all included variants were detected in breast milk collected 1-3 weeks after series completion. However, while vaccination induced a strong neutralizing response against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 in serum and more modest response in breast milk, it did not induce neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.4/5 in either specimen type. This study demonstrates that maternal COVID-19 mRNA vaccination may enhance immune protection for infants through breast milk via increased IgG- and IgA-binding-and-neutralizing antibodies; although, variant-specific boosters may be required to optimize immune protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.