ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Electromyographic Validation of Spontaneous Facial Mimicry Detection Using Automated Facial Action Coding.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Theranostic Smart Bionanosensors for Solid Tumors: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of Socially Assistive Robots in Promoting Positive Emotional Responses and Alleviating Postoperative Pain Among Children: Quantitative Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Exploring the Role of Stigma and Reduced Facial Expressions in Shaping First Impressions of Individuals with Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Effects of running-induced fatigue on ankle plantar-dorsiflexion performance and functional connectivity in brain and brain-muscle networks.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Multivariate Timing and Granger Causality Analysis of Spontaneous Facial Mimicry in Response to Android Dynamic Facial Expressions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Subtle impairments of facial emotion expressions in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Facial obstructions and baseline correction shape affective computing's detection of emotion-behavior relationships.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Visually detectable facial mimicry in response to android facial expressions.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Emotional mimicry and smiling behaviors in schizophrenia: An ecological approach.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Computational investigation of the social function of domestic cat facial signals.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sensing emotional valence and arousal dynamics through automated facial action unit analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Advancements in Sensors and Analyses for Emotion Sensing.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although electromyography (EMG) remains the standard, researchers have begun using automated facial action coding system (FACS) software to evaluate spontaneous facial mimicry despite the lack of evidence of its validity. Using the facial EMG of the zygomaticus major (ZM) as a standard, we confirmed the detection of spontaneous facial mimicry in action unit 12 (AU12, lip corner puller) via an automated FACS. Participants were alternately presented with real-time model performance and prerecorded videos of dynamic facial expressions, while simultaneous ZM signal and frontal facial videos were acquired. Facial videos were estimated for AU12 using FaceReader, Py-Feat, and OpenFace. The automated FACS is less sensitive and less accurate than facial EMG, but AU12 mimicking responses were significantly correlated with ZM responses. All three software programs detected enhanced facial mimicry by live performances. The AU12 time series showed a roughly 100 to 300 ms latency relative to the ZM. Our results suggested that while the automated FACS could not replace facial EMG in mimicry detection, it could serve a purpose for large effect sizes. Researchers should be cautious with the automated FACS outputs, especially when studying clinical populations. In addition, developers should consider the EMG validation of AU estimation as a benchmark.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.