ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2024
Eating patterns in Korean adults, 1998-2018: increased energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in main meals and snacks.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07175701 (Effects of Ultra-processed Food Reduction Intervention on Postprandial Glucose and Glycemic Variability in Korean Young Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Ultra-processed Food Reduction Intervention on Postprandial Glucose and Glycemic Variability in Korean Young Adults: Study Protocol for the ULTRA-CGM Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends in Ultraprocessed Food Consumption Among Korean Children and Adolescents, 2007 to 2024.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Development of a simplified NOVA-based scoring tool for assessing ultra-processed food consumption among Korean young adults: a cross-sectional study.Korean journal of community nutrition · 2026Article
- Korean Cardiovascular Health Status Assessed by Life's Essential 8 in Korean Adult Population: Based on Data From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2021.Korean circulation journal · 2025Article
- Potential misclassification of ultra-processed foods across studies and the need for a unified classification system: a scoping review.Nutrition research and practice · 2025Review
- Dietary modulation for the hypertension risk group in Koreans: a cross-sectional study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- Awareness and Practice of Global Cancer Prevention Dietary Guidelines among Koreans.Journal of cancer prevention · 2025Article
- Long-term trends and patterns in ultra-processed food consumption among Korean adults from 1998 to 2022.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Differing dietary patterns according to body composition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Nutritional content and healthiness in sweet and salty snacks and beverages popular in South Korea and the United States assessed by nutrition labels: a cross-sectional comparative study.Korean journal of community nutrition · 2024Article
- Impact of Food Ultra-Processing on Cardiometabolic Health: Definitions, Evidence, and Implications for Dietary Guidance.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Allura Red AC is a xenobiotic. Is it also a carcinogen?Carcinogenesis · 2024Review
- Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Type 2 Diabetes in South Korea (1998 to 2022): Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeUnfavorable changes in eating patterns over time may contribute to upward trends in chronic diseases, such as obesity. We examined 20-year trends in the percentage of energy from main meals and snacks and the food sources of each eating occasion among Korean adults.
methodsThis study used nationally representative data from the 1st, 4th, and 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1998, 2007-2009, and 2016-2018) among adults aged 20-69 years (n = 29,389). Each eating occasion (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks) was defined by respondents during a 24-h dietary recall interview. To identify the food sources of each eating occasion, we used the NOVA system. The percentage of energy at each eating occasion and that from each NOVA group across survey cycles were estimated, and tests for linear trends were conducted using orthogonal polynomial contrasts in linear regression models. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design.
resultsAfter adjusting for age and sex, the percentage of energy from breakfast decreased from 25.0% in 1998 to 16.7% in 2018 (difference, - 8.2%; standard error [SE], 0.3), whereas that from dinner and snacks increased from 31.1 to 33.8% (difference, + 2.7%; SE, 0.4) and from 14.0 to 19.0% (difference, + 5.0%; SE, 0.5), respectively (all P < 0.001). At all eating occasions, the percentage of energy from minimally processed foods declined (difference, - 18.6% for breakfast; - 13.1% for lunch; - 21.1% for dinner; - 20.7% for snacks), while that from ultra-processed foods increased (difference, + 17.0% for breakfast; + 11.3% for lunch; + 18.0% for dinner; + 30.7% for snacks). When stratified by age, the given trends were shown to a greater extent in younger adults (< 50 years old) than in older adults (≥ 50 years old).
conclusionsThe eating patterns of Korean adults changed from 1998 to 2018, with the greatest decrease in energy intake from breakfast and the greatest increase from snacking. At all eating occasions, the contribution of minimally processed foods declined, while that of ultra-processed foods increased, especially among younger adults.
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