SynthesisBMC medicine2023
Male- and female-specific reproductive risk factors across the lifespan for dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive life stages and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review in Latin American and Caribbean women.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Associations of Iron Indicators with Cognitive Impairment Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence from a Matched Case-Control Study and Back Propagation Neural Network Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Hormone replacement therapy and dementia risk among postmenopausal women: Identifying responsive subgroups in the UK Biobank.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Association between sex hormones and innate cytotoxic capacity of circulating and rectal mucosal immune cells.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Challenges and knowledge gaps in sex differences in cardio-kidney-metabolic syndrome across the lifespan.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Women's reproductive life patterns, intrinsic capacity, and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective cohort study.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Women's midlife: the front line of Alzheimer prevention.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Reproductive lifespan and hormonal therapy in relation to later-life neurovascular health: A population-based study of women in the Gothenburg H70-1944 Birth Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Mortality trends for chronic kidney disease and dementia in the United States, 1999-2020: a 22-year retrospective analysis.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- A Global, Regional, and National Survey on Burden and Quality of Care Index of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias in Adults Aged 55 and Above: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2021.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Risk Factors and Annual Rates of Cognitive Decline in Elderly Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Chronological age is differentially associated with cognitive performance according to climacteric stage: evidence from a Bayesian multivariate analysis in Chilean women.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- The gut-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease: early detection, microbial metabolites, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Exploring biomarkers of neurodegenerative risk: associations of oxysterols, sex hormones, and reproductive characteristics in older women.Journal of lipid research · 2025Article
- Biological and social reproductive factors and late-life cognitive function in middle-aged and older Chinese women.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Age at First Childbirth and Dementia Risk: A Cross-Sectional Ecological Analysis of Female Prevalence, Sex Disparities, and Public Health Implications.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Fat mass in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is associated with cognitive function.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Older age cognition in Indonesia: differences in the moderating role of social capital.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Oxidative stress suppresses internal carotid artery dilation to hypercapnia in healthy older adults.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
- Age at menopause and cognitive function and decline among middle-aged and older women in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2011-2018.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSex difference exists in the prevalence of dementia and cognitive decline. The impacts of sex-specific reproductive risk factors across the lifespan on the risk of dementia or cognitive decline are still unclear. Herein, we conducted this systemic review and meta-analysis to finely depict the longitudinal associations between sex-specific reproductive factors and dementia or cognitive decline.
methodsPubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched up to January 2023. Studies focused on the associations of female- and male-specific reproductive factors with dementia or cognitive decline were included. Multivariable-adjusted effects were pooled via the random effect models. Evidence credibility was scored by the GRADE system. The study protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO and the registration number is CRD42021278732.
resultsA total of 94 studies were identified for evidence synthesis, comprising 9,839,964 females and 3,436,520 males. Among the identified studies, 63 of them were included in the meta-analysis. According to the results, seven female-specific reproductive factors including late menarche (risk increase by 15%), nulliparous (11%), grand parity (32%), bilateral oophorectomy (8%), short reproductive period (14%), early menopause (22%), increased estradiol level (46%), and two male-specific reproductive factors, androgen deprivation therapy (18%), and serum sex hormone-binding globulin (22%) were associated with an elevated risk of dementia or cognitive decline.
conclusionsThese findings potentially reflect sex hormone-driven discrepancy in the occurrence of dementia and could help build sex-based precise strategies for preventing dementia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.