ArticleBMC pediatrics2023
Prevalence and risk factors of emergence agitation among pediatric patients undergo ophthalmic and ENT Surgery: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC pediatrics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07486427 (The Effect of Preoperative Child and Parental Anxiety on Emergence Agitation and Postoperative Pain in Children Undergoing Adenoidectomy and Tonsillectomy), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Preoperative Child and Parental Anxiety on Emergence Agitation and Postoperative Pain in Children Undergoing Adenoidectomy and Tonsillectomy: a Prospective Observational Study
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-Extubation Low-Dose Propofol in Pediatric Ear, Nose, and Throat Procedures: A Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of dexmedetomidine in preventing emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy: a meta-analysis and systematic review.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of light-transmitting eye shields for wound dressing in preventing pediatric emergence agitation following bilateral strabismus surgeries: a randomized clinical trial.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2025Trial
- Application of propofol-remifentanil intravenous general anesthesia combined with regional block in pediatric ophthalmic surgery.BMC anesthesiology · 2024Trial
- Risk factors for emergence delirium in infant-toddlers undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia and its impact on negative postoperative behavioral changes.Pediatric research · 2026Observational
- Explainable Machine Learning Analysis of Perioperative Factors Associated with Clinically Significant Emergence Agitation After Pediatric Ophthalmic Surgery.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Risk factors and prediction model of emergence delirium in children after general anesthesia under preoperative sedation with uniform oral midazolam premedication: a prospective observational cohort study.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Observational
- Comparison of emergence agitation between tracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway in pediatric ophthalmic surgery: a propensity-score matching analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- A nomogram for predicting emergence agitation after laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac in children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- The consensus statement of the Section of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy of the Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy on anaesthesia in children over 3 years of age.Anaesthesiology intensive therapy · 2025Article
- Factors influencing agitation during anesthesia recovery after laparoscopic hernia repair under total inhalation combined with caudal block anesthesia.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Article
- Emergence delirium: an overview with an emphasis on the use of electroencephalography in its management.Anesthesia and pain medicine · 2024Article
- Influencing factors and risk prediction model for emergence agitation after general anesthesia for primary liver cancer.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Article
- Correlation between pre-anesthesia anxiety and emergence agitation in non-small cell lung cancer surgery patients.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSome studies reported that pediatric patients undergoing otorhinolaryngology (ENT) and ophthalmic surgeries have higher incidences of emergence agitation (EA). Children with EA tend to carry the risk of self-harm, have longer periods of recovery and delayed hospital discharge. Consequently, EA needs to be monitored and risk factors ought to be emphasized to implement preventative measures. The objective of this study was to describe EA and to identify risk factors after pediatric ophthalmic or ENT surgery.
methodsBetween September 2021 and December 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 children aged of 0-12 years who underwent ophthalmic or ENT surgery. The Watcha scale was used to observe and record EA, which was defined at levels of 3 or 4 at any time in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). The pain intensity was graded with the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) Scale after surgery. Patient and surgery-related characteristics, the behavioral criteria of EA, the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions and recovery outcomes were objectively recorded. A binary logistic regression model was constructed to identify the associated factors of EA.
resultsFrom the 100 analyzed children, 58 were males and 42 were females, and 44 patients received ophthalmic surgery and 56 ENT surgery. The median age was 6 (IQR 4-7) years. The overall incidence of EA among pediatrics was 30% (34.5% for ENT and 24.4% for ophthalmic surgery). High preoperative modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety scale (m-YPAS) grade (OR = 1.19, 95%CI 1.06-1.33, P = 0.003) and high postoperative FLACC score (OR = 3.36, 95%CI 1.88-6.02, P < 0.001) were risk factors for EA.
conclusionsThis study identified that preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain are associated with EA in children after ophthalmic or ENT surgery. Preoperative anxiety assessment and management, and administration of adjunct analgesic treatments should be considered in the routine care.
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