ArticleNature neuroscience2024
A global multicohort study to map subcortical brain development and cognition in infancy and early childhood.
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Article in Nature neuroscience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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40citing papers in PubMed
38.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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40 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Early‑life head circumference is causally associated with adult executive function through cortical surface area expansion.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Early-Life Cumulative Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods and Subcortical Brain Volume at Age Six Years: A Prospective Cohort Study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Maternal Childhood Neglect is Linked to Greater Infant Cortisol Levels and Larger Infant Limbic Volumes.Child maltreatment · 2026Article
- The Earliest Impressions: A Systematic Review of Early-Life Exposures on Brain Structure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Early physical growth and neurodevelopment in full-term small for gestational age infants: reference points from propensity score matching and restricted cubic splines.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- MRI-based structural development of the human newborn hypothalamus.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Lifespan normative modeling of brain microstructure.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Cortical reconstruction and anatomical parcellation of high-resolution multi-modal postmortembioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Infant subcortical brain volumes associated with maternal obesity and diabetes: a large multicohort human study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- A Longitudinal Study of Children's Hippocampal Development: Investigating Maternal Physical Activity, Depression, and Education.Developmental neurobiology · 2026Article
- Deep learning in fetal, infant, and toddler neuroimaging research.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Review
- Annual Research Review: Neural mechanisms of eating disorders in youth - from current theory and findings to future directions.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Review
- Fetal Head Growth and Head Circumference at Birth in Children of Women with Psychotic Disorders and Population-Based Controls.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Exploratory analysis of high-altitude effects on brain morphology and myelination in native Tibetan infants.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Predictive associations between brain functional connectivity, motor abilities, and executive function development in early childhood: a longitudinal machine learning study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Hierarchical maturation of structural brain connectomes from birth to childhood.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Early-life neural correlates of behavioral inhibition and anxiety risk.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Association between obesity and neurodevelopmental delay risk in children under five years: A study from Tumbes, Peru.PloS one · 2026Article
- Lifespan Normative Modeling of Brain Microstructure.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
34 authors at 15 institutions in 6 countries.
Ann M AlexInstitute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3682-6974
Fernando AguateInstitute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Kelly BotteronMallinickrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Claudia BussDepartment of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8738-3133
Yap-Seng ChongDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-8473
Stephen R DagerDepartment of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Kirsten A DonaldDivision of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0276-9660
Sonja EntringerDepartment of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Damien A FairMasonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8602-393X
Marielle V FortierSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
Nadine GaabHarvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
John H GilmoreDepartment of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0939-6764
Jessica B GiraultDepartment of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9271-0354
Alice M GrahamDepartment of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
Nynke A GroenewoldDivision of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-8427
Heather HazlettCarolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carboro, NC, USA.
Weili LinDepartment of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2900-8204
Michael J MeaneyDepartment of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Joseph PivenCarolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carboro, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-9003
Anqi QiuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0215-6338
Jerod M RasmussenDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Annerine RoosDivision of Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Robert T SchultzCenter for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9817-3425
Michael A SkeideResearch Group Learning in Early Childhood, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Martin StynerCarolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carboro, NC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8747-5118
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
Ted K TureskyHarvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Pathik D WadhwaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Heather J ZarSouth African Medical Research Council (SA-MRC) Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Lilla ZölleiA.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
Gustavo de Los CamposInstitute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
Rebecca C KnickmeyerInstitute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. knickmey@msu.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-1388
ENIGMA ORIGINs group
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USMichigan State University · USSouth African Medical Research Council · ZAUniversity of California, Irvine · USHarvard University · USAgency for Science, Technology and Research · SGUniversity of Washington Medical Center · USChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia · USHong Kong Polytechnic University · HKMallinckrodt (United States) · USMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences · DEOregon Health & Science University · USUniversity of Cape Town · ZAUniversity of Minnesota · USUniversity of Southern California · US
Funding
HARVARD CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE CENTER (UL1)UL1RR025758 · NCRR · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2008 to 2011
$91.4MCellular and molecular mechanisms governing cortical surface area overgrowth in iPSC-derived neural cells from longitudinally characterized individuals with autismR01HD055741 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI Joseph Piven · 2007 to 2026
$52.6MUniversity of California Health Participation in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)UL1TR001414 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI COOPER, DAN M, VILAIN, ERIC J. · 2015 to 2023
$35.1MUNC MRDD Research CenterP30HD003110 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI REZNICK, JAMES · 1985 to 2012
$28.7MProspective study of the onset of schizophreniaP50MH064065 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI GILMORE, JOHN HORACE · 2002 to 2011
$19.6MPre- and Postnatal Exposure Periods for Child Health: Common Risks and Shared MechanismsUH3OD023349 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER · PI Emily S Barrett, Richard Kermit Miller · 2018 to 2026
$15.9MCross-Cultural Assessment of FASDU24AA014811 · NIAAA · SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI EDWARD P RILEY · 2003 to 2026
$13.1MTraining U54EB020403 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2014 to 2018
$10.1MPreclinical CoreP50HD103573 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI GABRIEL S DICHTER · 2020 to 2026
$9.7MThe Transgenerational Influence of Discrimination on Mental HealthU01DA055363 · NIDA · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI Alice M Graham, Elinor L. Sullivan · 2021 to 2026
$8.8MPostdoctoral Research in Neurodevelopmental DisordersT32HD040127 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI BENJAMIN D PHILPOT, Mark D Shen · 2001 to 2026
$8.5MPre- and Postnatal Exposure Periods for Child Health: Common Risks and Shared MechanismsUG3OD023349 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER · PI BARRETT, EMILY S, MILLER, RICHARD KERMIT · 2016 to 2024
$7.0MAcademy of Medical Sciences NAF002/1001NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001414NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR025758NIAAA NIH HHS R21 AA023887NIAAA NIH HHS U24 AA014811NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020403NICHD NIH HHS P30 HD003110NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103573NICHD NIH HHS R00 HD100593NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD053000NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD055741NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD060628NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD065762NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD065825NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD040127NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA055363NIH HHS UG3 OD023349NIH HHS UH3 OD023349NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH122779NIMH NIH HHS P50 MH064065NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH070890NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH105538NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH123716NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH104330NIMH NIH HHS R33 MH104330NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH070890NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH110274
Abstract
The human brain grows quickly during infancy and early childhood, but factors influencing brain maturation in this period remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we harmonized data from eight diverse cohorts, creating one of the largest pediatric neuroimaging datasets to date focused on birth to 6 years of age. We mapped the developmental trajectory of intracranial and subcortical volumes in ∼2,000 children and studied how sociodemographic factors and adverse birth outcomes influence brain structure and cognition. The amygdala was the first subcortical volume to mature, whereas the thalamus exhibited protracted development. Males had larger brain volumes than females, and children born preterm or with low birthweight showed catch-up growth with age. Socioeconomic factors exerted region- and time-specific effects. Regarding cognition, males scored lower than females; preterm birth affected all developmental areas tested, and socioeconomic factors affected visual reception and receptive language. Brain-cognition correlations revealed region-specific associations.
Indexed as
Premature BirthBrainChildChild, PreschoolCognitionFemaleHumansInfant, NewbornMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleNeuroimaging
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