ArticleNature human behaviour2024
The response time paradox in functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses.
Article in Nature human behaviour, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
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- Refining RDoC Using Individual-Level Task fMRI Factor Models Reveals Reproducible and Clinically Relevant Brain-Wide Motifs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Task and Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modeling of Brain-Behavior Relationships in Developmental Cohorts.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- Incentive valence differentially engages open- and closed-loop basal ganglia circuits during movement initiation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Hierarchical Reconfiguration of Neurocognitive Task Set Representations Mediates Cognitive Flexibility.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mapping EEG Metrics to Human Affective and Cognitive Models: An Interdisciplinary Scoping Review from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Joint models reveal human subcortical underpinnings of choice and learning behavior.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Subcortical nuclei of the human ascending arousal system encode anticipated reward but do not predict subsequent memory.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2025Article
- Limited Evidence for Probabilistic Cueing Effects on Grating-Evoked Event-Related Potentials and Orientation Decoding Performance.Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Interpretation of individual differences in computational neuroscience using a latent input approach.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Altered Neural Activation in First Episode Psychosis Patients With Comorbid Conduct Disorder: A Pilot Investigation.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Brain responses vary in duration-modeling strategies and challenges.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Brain-wide associations of reaction time variability in the ABCD study.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Unintended bias in the pursuit of collinearity solutions in fMRI analysis.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Both mOTS-words and pOTS-words prefer emoji stimuli over text stimuli during a lexical judgment task.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Cognitive tasks, anatomical MRI, and functional MRI data evaluating the construct of self-regulation.Scientific data · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Response times (RTs) are often the main signal of interest in cognitive psychology but are often ignored in functional MRI (fMRI) analyses. In fMRI analysis the intensity of the signal serves as a proxy for the intensity of local neuronal activity, but changes in either the intensity or the duration of neuronal activity can yield identical fMRI signals. Therefore, if RTs are ignored and pair with neuronal durations, fMRI results claiming intensity differences may be confounded by RTs. We show how ignoring RTs goes beyond this confound, where longer RTs are paired with larger activation estimates, to lesser-known issues where RTs become confounds in group-level analyses and, surprisingly, how the RT confound can induce other artificial group-level associations with variables that are not related to the condition contrast or RTs. We propose a new time-series model to address these issues and encourage increasing focus on what the widespread RT-based signal represents.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.