ArticleNeuro-oncology2024
Lessons learned from phase 3 trials of immunotherapy for glioblastoma: Time for longitudinal sampling?
Article in Neuro-oncology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Glioblastoma invasion patterns from a clinical perspective-a systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- Applications of transcranial focused ultrasound for primary brain tumors.Neuro-oncology advances · 2026Review
- Combination Immunotherapy as a Promising Strategy to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance: From Emergence to Next-Generation Approaches.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Oncolytic viruses and cytokine-based gene therapies reprogram the tumor microenvironment.Nature cancer · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions.Neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Serial multiomics uncovers anti-glioblastoma responses not evident by routine clinical analyses.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Glioma drug development benefits from emerging phase 0 and window-of-opportunity trial paradigm.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Wnt inhibition alleviates resistance to anti-PD1 therapy and improves antitumor immunity in glioblastoma.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Oncolytic viruses as anticancer agents: clinical progress and remaining challenges.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Review
- Oncolytic virus-mediated immunomodulation in glioblastoma: Insights from clinical trials and challenges.Seminars in immunology · 2025Review
- Limited but powerful toolbox: myeloid cells as critical immunomodulators in glioma progression.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy for High-Grade Gliomas.Cancers · 2025Review
- The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment.Cancers · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors for glioblastoma: emerging science, clinical advances, and future directions.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Review
- Transient lymphocyte count decrease correlates with oncolytic adenovirus efficacy in humans: mechanistic and biomarker findings from TUNIMO phase I trial.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Current landscape and future directions of targeted-alpha-therapy for glioblastoma treatment.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Harnessing immunotherapy: cancer vaccines as novel therapeutic strategies for brain tumor.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Design and conduct of theranostic trials in neuro-oncology: Challenges and opportunities.Neuro-oncology · 2024Review
- Vagus nerve stimulation: Novel concept for the treatment of glioblastoma and solid cancers by cytokine (interleukin-6) reduction, attenuating the SASP, enhancing tumor immunity.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Review
- A brave new framework for glioma drug development.The Lancet. Oncology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM)'s median overall survival is almost 21 months. Six phase 3 immunotherapy clinical trials have recently been published, yet 5/6 did not meet approval by regulatory bodies. For the sixth, approval is uncertain. Trial failures result from multiple factors, ranging from intrinsic tumor biology to clinical trial design. Understanding the clinical and basic science of these 6 trials is compelled by other immunotherapies reaching the point of advanced phase 3 clinical trial testing. We need to understand more of the science in human GBMs in early trials: the "window of opportunity" design may not be best to understand complex changes brought about by immunotherapeutic perturbations of the GBM microenvironment. The convergence of increased safety of image-guided biopsies with "multi-omics" of small cell numbers now permits longitudinal sampling of tumor and biofluids to dissect the complex temporal changes in the GBM microenvironment as a function of the immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.