SynthesisEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2023
Nebulised granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The burden of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a systematic review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled molgramostim in healthy people.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Trial
- Clinical characterization of 39 patients with autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Akkermansia muciniphila Alleviates Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced Periodontal Disease by Enhancing Bacterial Clearance.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Outcomes and outcome measures in studies of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: a scoping review.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Review
- Recombinant GM-CSF drug evaluation review.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- The Novel Use of Daratumumab in the Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.Respirology case reports · 2025Article
- EngineeredJournal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Targeted labeling and depletion of alveolar macrophages using VeDTR mouse technology.iScience · 2025Article
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: A case report and literature review.Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2025Article
- Inhaled treatment for dyspnea in a rare childhood disease.Pediatric pulmonology · 2024Article
- Macrophage Cell Cycle.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: A Rare Diagnosis in Pediatric Age.Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAutoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) results from impaired macrophage-mediated clearance of alveolar surfactant lipoproteins. Whole lung lavage has been the first-line treatment but recent reports suggest the efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We aimed to review the efficacy and safety of nebulised GM-CSF in aPAP.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis searching Embase, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Cochrane Collaborative databases (1946-1 April 2022). Studies included patients aged >18 years with aPAP receiving nebulised GM-CSF treatment and a comparator cohort. Exclusion criteria included secondary or congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, GM-CSF allergy, active infection or other serious medical conditions. The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021231328). Outcomes assessed were St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), 6-min walk test (6MWT), gas exchange (diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (
resultsSix studies were identified for review and three for meta-analysis, revealing that SGRQ score (mean difference -8.09, 95% CI -11.88- -4.3, p<0.0001), functional capacity (6MWT) (mean difference 21.72 m, 95% CI -2.76-46.19 m, p=0.08), gas diffusion (
conclusionsPatients with aPAP treated with inhaled GM-CSF demonstrated significant improvements in symptoms, dyspnoea scores, lung function, gas exchange and radiology indices after treatment with nebulised GM-CSF of varying duration. There is an important need to review comparative effectiveness and patient choice in key clinical outcomes between the current standard of care, whole lung lavage, with the noninvasive treatment of nebulised GM-CSF in aPAP.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.