ReviewEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2024
How ChatGPT works: a mini review.
Review in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The impact of different radiology report formats on patient information processing: a systematic review.European radiology · 2025Pooled it
- Performance of GPT-4o and Claude in Medical Ethics Scenarios: Comparative Study.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- LLMs in Medical Education for Autism Caregivers: A Comparative Evaluation of Accuracy, Readability, Actionability, and Neurodiversity-Affirming Language.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Second-Level Appeals of Denied Anticancer Medication Claims in Medicare Part D.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Insights of ChatGPT, Gemini and Expert Surgeons in Revision Rhinoplasty Consultation.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Ambiguity Detection in Medical Exams via Large Language Models: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of Chinese large language model performance on atrial fibrillation questions.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Can I Do Better Than AI: A Comparative Analysis of a Medical Student Essay Created With and Without Generative AI.Cureus · 2026Article
- Creating customized chatbots with ChatGPT to promote physical activity: a mini review.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Review
- CarD-T: an automated pipeline for the nomination and analysis of potential human carcinogens.Carcinogenesis · 2025Article
- Web based AI-driven framework combining multi-modal data with CNN and LLM for Parkinson's disease diagnosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessment of the validity of ChatGPT-3.5 responses to patient-generated queries following BPH surgery.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An academic evaluation of ChatGpt's ability and accuracy in creating patient education resources for rare cardiovascular diseases.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prospects and perils of ChatGPT in diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Validation of automated paper screening for esophagectomy systematic review using large language models.PeerJ. Computer science · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence and pediatric surgery: where are we?Pediatric surgery international · 2024Review
- Assessing the accuracy of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and management of orbital fractures: Is this the future of surgical decision-making?JPRAS open · 2024Article
- Poor performance of ChatGPT in clinical rule-guided dose interventions in hospitalized patients with renal dysfunction.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Article
- Comparing Vision-Capable Models, GPT-4 and Gemini, With GPT-3.5 on Taiwan's Pulmonologist Exam.Cureus · 2024Article
- Exploring the Role of ChatGPT-4, BingAI, and Gemini as Virtual Consultants to Educate Families about Retinopathy of Prematurity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis paper offers a mini-review of OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT, detailing its mechanisms, applications in healthcare, and comparisons with other large language models (LLMs).
methodsThe underlying technology of ChatGPT is outlined, focusing on its neural network architecture, training process, and the role of key elements such as input embedding, encoder, decoder, attention mechanism, and output projection. The advancements in GPT-4, including its capacity for internet connection and the integration of plugins for enhanced functionality are discussed.
resultsChatGPT can generate creative, coherent, and contextually relevant sentences, making it a valuable tool in healthcare for patient engagement, medical education, and clinical decision support. Yet, like other LLMs, it has limitations, including a lack of common sense knowledge, a propensity for hallucination of facts, a restricted context window, and potential privacy concerns.
conclusionDespite the limitations, LLMs like ChatGPT offer transformative possibilities for healthcare. With ongoing research in model interpretability, common-sense reasoning, and handling of longer context windows, their potential is vast. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to remain informed about these technologies and consider their ethical integration into practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
37991499What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.