ArticleBMC primary care2023
The cost of primary care consultations associated with long COVID in non-hospitalised adults: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.
Article in BMC primary care, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cost-Effectiveness of a Personalised Self-Management Intervention for People Living With Long Covid: The LISTEN Randomised Controlled Trial.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Trial
- Climate-based forecasting from national Culex mosquito surveillance to support West Nile and Usutu virus preparedness in England and Wales.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Characteristics, all-cause healthcare resource utilisation, and costs among high-risk adults with long COVID during Omicron predominance, 2022-2023: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- The Long Tail of Long COVID-19: Broad and Extensive Increase in Utilization Within an Integrated Healthcare System.Cureus · 2026Article
- Change in healthcare utilization before and after COVID-19 using data from 1.5 million individuals.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Post-COVID-19 condition patients' utilisation of healthcare resources after implementation of an integrated care unit.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Long COVID prevalence and risk factors in adults residing in middle- and high-income countries: secondary analysis of the multinational Anti-Coronavirus Therapies (ACT) trials.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Self-reported Health Service Utilization and Barriers to Care Among US Adults with a History of Post COVID-19 Condition.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Healthcare Resource Utilization (HCRU) and Direct Medical Costs Associated with Long COVID or Post-COVID-19 Conditions: Findings from a Literature Review.Journal of market access & health policy · 2025Review
- The impact of COVID vaccination on incidence of long COVID and healthcare resource utilisation in a primary care cohort in England, 2021-2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Experiences of accessing primary care by those living with long Covid in New Zealand: A qualitative analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Burden of Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and SARS-CoV-2 with Consideration of Older Adults: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Defining and measuring long COVID fatigue: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Malnutrition contribution to the functional status and health related quality of life after COVID-19, a correlational follow-up study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Modelling COVID-19 Vaccination in the UK: Impact of the Autumn 2022 and Spring 2023 Booster Campaigns.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- The necessity of investigations to clarify sex and racial disparities in pathophysiology of Long COVID.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- A Narrative Review of Impact of Incentive Spirometer Respiratory Training in Long COVID.International journal of general medicine · 2024Review
- Piecing together the narrative of #longcovid: an unsupervised deep learning of 1,354,889 X (formerly Twitter) posts from 2020 to 2023.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe economic impact of managing long COVID in primary care is unknown. We estimated the costs of primary care consultations associated with long COVID and explored the relationship between risk factors and costs.
methodsData were obtained on non-hospitalised adults from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum primary care database. We used propensity score matching with an incremental cost method to estimate additional primary care consultation costs associated with long COVID (12 weeks after COVID-19) at an individual and UK national level. We applied multivariable regression models to estimate the association between risk factors and consultations costs beyond 12 weeks from acute COVID-19.
resultsBased on an analysis of 472,173 patients with COVID-19 and 472,173 unexposed individuals, the annual incremental cost of primary care consultations associated with long COVID was £2.44 per patient and £23,382,452 at the national level. Among patients with COVID-19, a long COVID diagnosis and reporting of longer-term symptoms were associated with a 43% and 44% increase in primary care consultation costs respectively, compared to patients without long COVID symptoms. Older age, female sex, obesity, being from a white ethnic group, comorbidities and prior consultation frequency were all associated with increased primary care consultation costs.
conclusionsThe costs of primary care consultations associated with long COVID in non-hospitalised adults are substantial. Costs are significantly higher among those diagnosed with long COVID, those with long COVID symptoms, older adults, females, and those with obesity and comorbidities.
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