ArticleHormones and behavior2024
Sex diversity in the 21st century: Concepts, frameworks, and approaches for the future of neuroendocrinology.
Article in Hormones and behavior, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of arginine vasopressin on human anxiety and associations with sex, dose, and V1a-receptor genotype.Psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Biological Sex Is Binary and Rooted in Anisogamy.Ecology letters · 2026Review
- Inclusive Biology Curriculum Interventions can Reduce High School Students' Bioessentialist Beliefs.CBE life sciences education · 2026Article
- Sex and breeding stage differences in neurogenomic profiles reflect hormone signaling in a socially polyandrous shorebird.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sexes Are Polymorphisms: Describing and Understanding Sexual Diversity as Phenotypic Variation.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Review
- Evolution, Development, and the Incoherence of Sex: A Framework for Multiple Sex Concepts.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Article
- Navigating the Semantic Labyrinth of "Sex" in the Study of Reproductive Trait Evolution.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Article
- Synthesizing Sex/es Across Scales and Lineages: Centering Plants, Algae, Fungi, Protists, and Modular Metazoans.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Article
- Teaching Accurate Sex-related Biology: Approaches for More Socially Just Instruction.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Article
- Morph-specific Dorsal Fin Characteristics and Sex Steroids in Muscles Across Life History Stages in a Sex Dynamic Marine Fish,Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Queering Studies of Health and Bodily Experience: An Example From the Transgender Resilience and Health Study.American journal of biological anthropology · 2025Article
- The Spectrum of Sex and Gender.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Sex/gender entanglement: A problem of knots and buckets.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Three maxims for countering sex essentialism in scientific research.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Effects of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Reproductive Biology of Aquatic Fauna: Penguins as Sentinel Species.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Review
- Differential Lesion Patterns Associated With Stroke-Induced Apraxia in Women and Men.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Ten simple rules for queer data collection and analysis by STEM researchers.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- A Practical Guide to Avoiding Biased Communication in Reproductive Biology.Integrative and comparative biology · 2024Article
- Training in the implementation of sex and gender research policies: an evaluation of publicly available online courses.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex is ubiquitous and variable throughout the animal kingdom. Historically, scientists have used reductionist methodologies that rely on a priori sex categorizations, in which two discrete sexes are inextricably linked with gamete type. However, this binarized operationalization does not adequately reflect the diversity of sex observed in nature. This is due, in part, to the fact that sex exists across many levels of biological analysis, including genetic, molecular, cellular, morphological, behavioral, and population levels. Furthermore, the biological mechanisms governing sex are embedded in complex networks that dynamically interact with other systems. To produce the most accurate and scientifically rigorous work examining sex in neuroendocrinology and to capture the full range of sex variability and diversity present in animal systems, we must critically assess the frameworks, experimental designs, and analytical methods used in our research. In this perspective piece, we first propose a new conceptual framework to guide the integrative study of sex. Then, we provide practical guidance on research approaches for studying sex-associated variables, including factors to consider in study design, selection of model organisms, experimental methodologies, and statistical analyses. We invite fellow scientists to conscientiously apply these modernized approaches to advance our biological understanding of sex and to encourage academically and socially responsible outcomes of our work. By expanding our conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches to the study of sex, we will gain insight into the unique ways that sex exists across levels of biological organization to produce the vast array of variability and diversity observed in nature.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.