ReviewCurrent opinion in immunology2023
Recent advances in enterotoxin vaccine adjuvants.
Review in Current opinion in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- The case for evaluation of double mutant heat-labile toxin as an adjuvant to improve oral cholera vaccine immunogenicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Immunopharmacological design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting hepatitis C virus genotype 3a.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Pangenome-GuidedPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Th1 and Th17 Responses to LTB and Colonization Factors Following Oral ETEC Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- An Engineered Nano-Vesicle Adjuvant Platform (ENAP) for Cytokine Delivery Enables a Novel Antigen-Coordinated Vaccine Against Helicobacter pylori.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Article
- Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Glycolysis maintains effector function of lung Th17 TRM cells in precision cut lung slices.iScience · 2025Article
- Targeting murine metastatic cancers with cholera toxin A1-adjuvanted peptide vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Non-animal testing of Iranian enterotoxemia vaccine: cell culture assay for Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- Genetic adjuvants: A paradigm shift in vaccine development and immune modulation.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Safety and immunogenicity in humans of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli double mutant heat-labile toxin administered intradermally.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- The recent advances in vaccine adjuvants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Discovery of protease inhibitors from bacteria as novel adjuvants for oral vaccine formulations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity and protection mediated by dmLT and alum adjuvants for an HIV-1 vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Enhancing vaccine effectiveness in the elderly to counter antibiotic resistance: The potential of adjuvants via pattern recognition receptors.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Review
- Intranasal Immunization with Nasal Immuno-Inducible Sequence-Fused Antigens Elicits Antigen-Specific Antibody Production.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Enterotoxin adjuvants have been researched for their ability to promote immunity to co-delivered antigens. Outside of cholera vaccines, however, these proteins have yet to be included in any currently licensed vaccines. They include molecules derived from the bacterial toxins of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, or Escherichia coli, heat-labile toxin, such as detoxified mutants or subunits. This class of adjuvants is distinguished by their delivery possibilities, which include parenteral injection, skin applications, or direct mucosal administration by oral, sublingual, or nasal routes. In addition, inclusion of an enterotoxin adjuvant is associated with development of multifaceted cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccination. Here, we review exciting progress in the past few years in clinical trials for safety and efficacy, preclinical vaccines studies, and new mechanistic insights for enterotoxin adjuvants. This includes recent reports of their use in vaccines targeting microbial infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) or substance abuse drugs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.