ReviewJournal of evolutionary biology2023
Open questions in the social lives of viruses.
Review in Journal of evolutionary biology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Influenza A deletion-containing viral genome production is altered by metabolites, metabolic signaling molecules, and cyanobacterial extracts.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Understanding Basic Concepts of Viral Quasispecies: From Evolutionary Dynamics to Clinical Relevance.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Concepts of RNA virus evolution for the design of better antiviral countermeasures.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Hierarchical genotype networks and incipient ecological speciation in Q[Formula: see text] phage quasispecies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Rage against the mean: a perspective on measuring fitness of individual phage particles.Npj viruses · 2026Review
- Intracellular interactions shape antiviral resistance outcomes in poliovirus via eco-evolutionary feedback.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Reassessing viral origins and evolutionary placement in the tree of life.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Exploring cooperation among social pathogens: a computational perspective.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Host PI3K inhibition via anti-cancer drug alpelisib influences Influenza A non-infectious particles and deletion-containing viral genomes.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Intracellular interactions shape antiviral resistance outcomes in poliovirus via eco-evolutionary feedback.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Phage therapy for Klebsiella pneumoniae: Understanding bacteria-phage interactions for therapeutic innovations.PLoS pathogens · 2025Review
- Exploiting social traits for clinical applications in bacteria and viruses.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Baculovirus Genetic Diversity and Population Structure.Viruses · 2025Review
- Navigating a Fine Balance: Point-Mutant Cheater Viruses Disrupt the Viral Replication Cycle.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Deciphering mixed infections by plant RNA virus and reconstructing complete genomes simultaneously present within-host.PloS one · 2025Article
- Rapid glycoprotein evolution enables variant interactions in herpes simplex virus type 1.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Review
- The social lives of viruses and other mobile genetic elements: a commentary on Leeks et al. 2023.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Social interactions among viruses occur whenever multiple viral genomes infect the same cells, hosts, or populations of hosts. Viral social interactions range from cooperation to conflict, occur throughout the viral world, and affect every stage of the viral lifecycle. The ubiquity of these social interactions means that they can determine the population dynamics, evolutionary trajectory, and clinical progression of viral infections. At the same time, social interactions in viruses raise new questions for evolutionary theory, providing opportunities to test and extend existing frameworks within social evolution. Many opportunities exist at this interface: Insights into the evolution of viral social interactions have immediate implications for our understanding of the fundamental biology and clinical manifestation of viral diseases. However, these opportunities are currently limited because evolutionary biologists only rarely study social evolution in viruses. Here, we bridge this gap by (1) summarizing the ways in which viruses can interact socially, including consequences for social evolution and evolvability; (2) outlining some open questions raised by viruses that could challenge concepts within social evolution theory; and (3) providing some illustrative examples, data sources, and conceptual questions, for studying the natural history of social viruses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.