Membrane activity of viral proteins.

COVID-19 infection, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, has led to the largest pandemic since the Spanish flu in 1918. In view of this, the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs that can stop the spread of this infection has become an acute issue. Currently, in the search for antiviral drugs against COVID-19, much attention is paid to the study of the structure of the receptor-binding domain of the surface protein S. However, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus strains indicates its high variability, which reduces the effectiveness of vaccines and antiviral drugs. At the same time, the envelope protein E of this virus is membrane active and shows a rather high conservatism. Despite the critical importance of this protein in the coronavirus life cycle, the physicochemical mechanisms of its interaction with cell membranes still remain unclear. So, we investigated the membrane activity of protein E of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus on models of giant unilamellar vesicles and lipid nanotubes. As a result, it was found that the protein forms pores in the lipid bilayer, i.e., performs the main function of viroporin. In addition, protein E is able to deform lipid membranes and form double-membrane vesicles depending on the concentration.