ArticleBMC infectious diseases2023
Impact of vaccination and variants of concern on long COVID clinical phenotypes.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary Predictors of Post-COVID Syndrome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A Perspective on the Role of Metformin in Treating Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Long COVID.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Musculoskeletal Complications in COVID-19: Exploring the Role of Key Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccination influence in the development of long-COVID clinical phenotypes.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Article
- Article
- Long COVID is not the same for everyone: a hierarchical cluster analysis of Long COVID symptoms 9 and 12 months after SARS-CoV-2 test.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Early inflammatory profiles predict maximal disease severity in COVID-19: An unsupervised cluster analysis.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Identification of inflammatory clusters in long-COVID through analysis of plasma biomarker levels.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The knowns and unknowns of long COVID-19: from mechanisms to therapeutical approaches.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Cluster analysis identifies long COVID subtypes in Belgian patients.Biology methods & protocols · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDefining patterns of symptoms in long COVID is necessary to advance therapies for this heterogeneous condition. Here we aimed to describe clusters of symptoms in individuals with long COVID and explore the impact of the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) and vaccination on these clusters.
methodsIn a prospective, multi centre cohort study, individuals with symptoms persisting > 4 weeks from acute COVID-19 were divided into two groups based on timing of acute infection; pre-Alpha VOC, denoted wild type (WT) group and post-Alpha VOC (incorporating alpha and delta dominant periods) denoted VOC group. We used multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical clustering in the WT and VOC groups to identify symptom clusters. We then used logistic regression to explore factors associated with individual symptoms.
resultsA total of 417 individuals were included in the analysis, 268 in WT and 149 in VOC groups respectively. In both groups MCA identified three similar clusters; a musculoskeletal (MSK) cluster characterised by joint pain and myalgia, a cardiorespiratory cluster and a less symptomatic cluster. Differences in characteristic symptoms were only seen in the cardiorespiratory cluster where a decrease in the frequency of palpitations (10% vs 34% p = 0.008) and an increase in cough (63% vs 17% p < 0.001) in the VOC compared to WT groups was observed. Analysis of the frequency of individual symptoms showed significantly lower frequency of both chest pain (25% vs 39% p = 0.004) and palpitations (12% vs 32% p < 0.001) in the VOC group compared to the WT group. In adjusted analysis being in the VOC group was significantly associated with a lower odds of both chest pain and palpitations, but vaccination was not associated with these symptoms.
conclusionThis study suggests changes in long COVID phenotype in individuals infected later in the pandemic, with less palpitations and chest pain reported. Adjusted analyses suggest that these effects are mediated through introduction of variants rather than an effect from vaccination.
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