ReviewFrontiers in sports and active living2023
The proportional distribution of training by elite endurance athletes at different intensities during different phases of the season.
Review in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Which Training Intensity Distribution Intervention will Produce the Greatest Improvements in Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Athletes? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- Machine learning-based personalized training models for optimizing marathon performance through pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effects of Different Training Intensity Distributions on Endurance Capacity in Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial.European journal of sport science · 2025Trial
- The effectiveness of polarized versus high-intensity training in moderately trained cyclists: a randomized parallel-design study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Olympic Ice Sports: A Narrative Review and Perspectives Toward Milano-Cortina 2026.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Review
- Developing negative split pacing in endurance athletes: practical guidelines and training models.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Training characteristics of male and female WorldTour professional road cyclists before the competitive phase.Biology of sport · 2026Article
- How intense is high-intensity interval training? Biomarker responses and associations with training load and fitness.iScience · 2025Article
- Why low-intensity endurance training for athletes?European journal of applied physiology · 2025Review
- The Training Intensity Distribution of Marathon Runners Across Performance Levels.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Performance Prediction Criteria Based on Yearling Training Cycle Data for World-Class Athletes' Tiny 1000-Meter Kayak Teams: A Case Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Physiological Resilience: What Is It and How Might It Be Trained?Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2025Review
- Recent advances in training intensity distribution theory for cyclic endurance sports: theoretical foundations, model comparisons, and periodization characteristics.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Review
- Zone 2 Intensity: A Critical Comparison of Individual Variability in Different Submaximal Exercise Intensity Boundaries.Translational sports medicine · 2025Article
- Training Intensity Distribution of a 7-Day HIIT Shock Microcycle: Is Time in the "Red Zone" Crucial for Maximizing Endurance Performance? A Randomized Controlled Trial.Sports medicine - open · 2024Article
- A critical examination of sport discipline typology: identifying inherent limitations and deficiencies in contemporary classification systems.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Six weeks of polarized functional interval training with large training load reductions does not affect performance gains compared to traditional workouts.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Comparison of acute physiological responses between one long and two short sessions of moderate-intensity training in endurance athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Faster intervals, faster recoveries - intensified short VOFrontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The present review examines retrospective analyses of training intensity distribution (TID), i.e., the proportion of training at moderate (Zone 1, Z1), heavy (Z2) and severe (Z3) intensity by elite-to-world-class endurance athletes during different phases of the season. In addition, we discuss potential implications of our findings for research in this field, as well as for training by these athletes. Altogether, we included 175 TIDs, of which 120 quantified exercise intensity on the basis of heart rate and measured time-in-zone or employed variations of the session goal approach, with demarcation of zones of exercise intensity based on physiological parameters. Notably, 49% of the TIDs were single-case studies, predominantly concerning cross-country skiing and/or the biathlon. Eighty-nine TIDs were pyramidal (Z1 > Z2 > Z3), 65 polarized (Z1 > Z3 > Z2) and 8 "threshold" (Z2 > Z1 = Z3). However, these relative numbers varied between sports and the particular phases of the season. In 91% (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.