ArticleTranslational vision science & technology2023
Objective Measures of Gaze Behaviors and the Visual Environment during Near-Work Tasks in Young Adult Myopes and Emmetropes.
Article in Translational vision science & technology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Digital Eye Behaviour Phenotypes and Their Association with Axial Length and High Myopia in Chinese Adolescents.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- What a Lens Imposes and What a Child Sees Are Not the Same Thing.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Accommodative behaviour and retinal defocus of children during prolonged viewing of electronic devices while wearing dual-focus myopia control soft contact lenses.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- A Child-Friendly Wearable Device for Quantifying Environmental Risk Factors for Myopia.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To objectively quantify near-work gaze behaviors and the visual environment during reading tasks performed on a smartphone and on paper in both indoor and outdoor environments in myopes and emmetropes. Methods: A novel wearable gaze and viewing distance tracking device was used to quantify near-work gaze behaviors (focusing demand) and the visual environment (20° peripheral scene relative defocus) during a series of reading tasks. Data from nine myopes (mean age, 21 ± 1.4 years) and 10 emmetropes (21 ± 0.8 years) were analyzed. Five-minute reading tasks (matched for font type and size) were performed under four conditions: reading from a smartphone indoors, paper indoors, smartphone outdoors, and paper outdoors. Results: A significantly greater focusing demand (closer viewing distance) was found with smartphone-based reading (mean, 3.15 ± 0.74 D) compared to paper-based reading (2.67 ± 0.48 D) (P < 0.001), with the differences being greatest for myopic participants (P = 0.04). Smartphone reading was also associated with greater peripheral scene relative myopic defocus (P < 0.001). Although near-work behaviors were similar between environments, significantly more relative myopic defocus was found at the start of the paper-based task when performed outdoors compared to indoors (P = 0.02). Conclusions: Significant differences in focusing demand and scene relative defocus within a 20° field were found to be associated with reading tasks performed on a smartphone and paper in indoor and outdoor environments. Translational Relevance: These findings highlight the complex interaction between near-work behaviors and the visual environment and demonstrate that factors of potential importance to myopia development vary between paper-based and smartphone-based near tasks.
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