ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2023
Association between sex hormones and anti-S/RBD antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare workers.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamics and Protective Effectiveness of Serological Testing Among Healthcare Workers Vaccinated Against COVID-19.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- A prospective evaluation of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine on glycemic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia.PloS one · 2026Article
- SEPoolConvNeXt: A Deep Learning Framework for Automated Classification of Neonatal Brain Development Using T1- and T2-Weighted MRI.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Generalized linear modeling of flow cytometry data to analyze immune responses in tuberculosis vaccine research.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Profile of Selected MicroRNAs as Markers of Sex-Specific Anti-S/RBD Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Health Care Workers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Fusion of Complement Fragment C3d Enhances Germinal Center Responses to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- An mRNA Vaccine Expressing Blood-Stage Malaria Antigens Induces Complete Protection Against LethalVaccines · 2025Article
- Disparities in response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines according to sex and age: A systematic review.New microbes and new infections · 2025Review
- The Dynamics of Antibody Titres Against SARS-CoV-2 in Vaccinated Healthcare Workers: A Systemic Literature Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- A scoping review of alopecia areata and its relationship to COVID-19 vaccinations.Archives of dermatological research · 2024Article
- Sex hormones in COVID-19 severity: The quest for evidence and influence mechanisms.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- The impact of vaccine hesitancy on psychological impairment among healthcare workers in a Total Worker HealthFrontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the target population for vaccination against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) as they are at a high risk of exposure and transmission of pathogens to patients. Neutralizing antibodies developed after COVID-19 vaccination decline within few months of vaccination. Several factors, including age and sex, can affect the intensity, efficacy, and duration of immune response to vaccines. However, sex-specific analyses of humoral responses to COVID-19 vaccines are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate sex-based differences in anti-S/RBD (Receptor Binding Domain) responses at three different time points after the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in HCWs in relation to age, and to investigate the role of sex hormones as potential markers of response. Anti-S/RBD levels after two doses of the mRNA vaccine were collected from 521 HCWs naïve to COVID-19, working at two Italian Clinical Centers. Multiple regression analysis was applied to evaluate the association between anti-S levels and sex, age, and plasma levels of sex hormones. Significantly higher anti-S/RBD response to the COVID-19 vaccination was found in female HCWs, and a significant and more abrupt decline in response with time was observed in women than that in men. A novel, positive association of testosterone plasma levels and higher anti-S levels in male HCWs was found, suggesting its potential role as sex specific marker in males. In conclusion, understanding the sex-based differences in humoral immune responses to vaccines may potentially improve vaccination strategies and optimize surveillance programs for HCWs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.