ArticleThe journal of headache and pain2023
Progesterone distribution in the trigeminal system and its role to modulate sensory neurotransmission: influence of sex.
Article in The journal of headache and pain, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- TRPM3 activation causes CGRP release in trigeminal neurons: Implications for migraine mechanisms.Headache · 2026Article
- Hypothalamic and sex-related hormones in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Electroacupuncture alleviates migraine through CXCL13/CXCR5-mediated communication.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent modulation of CGRPergic neurovascular activity by 5-CT in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Somatosensory cortical progesterone receptor signaling regulates the episodic to chronic migraine transformation.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Circadian Rhythm Cascade SIRT1/PGC-1α/BMAL1 Pathway Regulates Nitroglycerin-Induced Chronic Migraine.Neurochemical research · 2025Article
- Neurosteroids Progesterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone: Molecular Mechanisms of Action in Neuroprotection and Neuroinflammation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- RAMP1-dependent hormonal regulation of CGRP and its receptor in the trigeminal ganglion.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- The role and interaction of hypothalamic-related neurotransmitters in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Transcutaneous occipital nerve stimulation alleviated migraine related pain by regulating synaptic plasticity and CGRP expression in the periaqueductal gray of male rats.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Sex difference in TRPM3 channel functioning in nociceptive and vascular systems: an emerging target for migraine therapy in females?The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Migraine in men.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Male-female comparison of vasomotor effects of circulating hormones in human intracranial arteries.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Article
- Sex differences in expression of CGRP family of receptors and ligands in the rat trigeminal system.The journal of headache and pain · 2024Article
- CGRP as a potential mediator for the sexually dimorphic responses to traumatic brain injury.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWomen are disproportionately affected by migraine, representing up to 75% of all migraine cases. This discrepancy has been proposed to be influenced by differences in hormone levels between the sexes. One such hormone is progesterone. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) system is an important factor in migraine pathophysiology and could be influenced by circulating hormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of progesterone and its receptor (PR) in the trigeminovascular system, and to examine the role of progesterone to modulate sensory neurotransmission.
methodsTrigeminal ganglion (TG), hypothalamus, dura mater, and the basilar artery from male and female rats were carefully dissected. Expression of progesterone and PR proteins, and mRNA levels from TG and hypothalamus were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR. CGRP release from TG and dura mater were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the vasomotor effect of progesterone on male and female basilar artery segments was investigated with myography.
resultsProgesterone and progesterone receptor -A (PR-A) immunoreactivity were found in TG. Progesterone was located predominantly in cell membranes and in Aδ-fibers, and PR-A was found in neuronal cytoplasm and nucleus, and in satellite glial cells. The number of positive progesterone immunoreactive cells in the TG was higher in female compared to male rats. The PR mRNA was expressed in both hypothalamus and TG; however, the PR expression level was significantly higher in the hypothalamus. Progesterone did not induce a significant change neither in basal level nor upon stimulated release of CGRP from dura mater or TG in male or female rats when compared to the vehicle control. However, pre-treated with 10 µM progesterone weakly enhanced capsaicin induced CGRP release observed in the dura mater of male rats. Similarly, in male basilar arteries, progesterone significantly amplified the dilation in response to capsaicin.
conclusionsIn conclusion, these results highlight the potential for progesterone to modulate sensory neurotransmission and vascular responses in a complex manner, with effects varying by sex, tissue type, and the nature of the stimulus. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and physiological implications of these findings.
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