ReviewJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2024
The Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality and Impact of Structural Racism and Implicit Racial Bias on Pregnant Black Women: A Review of the Literature.
Review in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the Impact of the Syndemic on Black Birthing Individuals in the USA: a Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Sociocultural and Structural Determinants of Black Maternal Mental Health: A Scoping Review.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Beyond 42 Days: A National Cohort Study of Maternal and Late Maternal Deaths in Brazil from 2010 to 2023.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Experiences of Discrimination and DNA Methylation Among Black Nulliparous Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Binational Analysis of Maternal Mortality Between Brazil and Portugal in 2020-2023: A Population-Based Epidemiological Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- The Role of Ethnicity and Migration in Perinatal Inequalities: A Retrospective Cohort Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- Prediction of Pregnancy-Related Cardiovascular Outcomes Using Electrocardiogram-Based Deep Learning Estimation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Temporal Trends in Pregnancy Rate, Live Birth Rates, and Rates of Gestational Outcomes, 2012-2023.O&G open · 2026Article
- Judge Me Not: Exploring Black Mothers' Perceptions of Maternal Health Care Services and Structural Racism in South Carolina.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk factors for the recurrence of severe maternal morbidity in first and second births in California, 1997 to 2020.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Impact of policies on pregnant individuals using drugs: A narrative synthesis review of treatment, health care access, and outcomes.Stigma and health · 2026Article
- Maternal Mortality Among Black Women in Brazil: A Retrospective Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Safe to Deliver: Black Women's Perceptions of Social Safety in Perinatal Care Settings.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Bias at the Bedside: A Comprehensive Review of Racial, Sexual, and Gender Minority Experiences and Provider Attitudes in Healthcare.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Unit culture and respectful care in obstetric care settings: a qualitative concept elicitation study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Building trust through collaboration: a mixed-methods evaluation of San Francisco's Pregnancy Village model of cross-sector care delivery.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Historical Claims Literature Review Paper: Black Maternal Health.Delaware journal of public health · 2025Article
- Interventions to address inequities in infant mortality and morbidity in the NICU and beyond: A focus on the mother-infant dyad.Seminars in perinatology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe maternal mortality rate (MMR) in the United States (USA) continues to increase despite medical advances and is exacerbated by stark racial disparities. Black women are disproportionately affected and are three times more likely to experience a pregnancy-related death (PRD) compared to Non-Hispanic White (NHW) women.
methodsA literature review was conducted to examine the racial disparities in the United States' MMR, specifically among pregnant Black women. PubMed and key organizations (World Health Organization, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health, Association of American Medical Colleges, U.S. Census Bureau, and U.S. Congress) were searched for publications after 2014.
resultForty-two articles were reviewed to identify the role of structural racism, implicit biases, lack of cultural competence, and disparity education on pregnant Black women. This review highlights that maternal health disparities for Black women are further impacted by both structural racism and racial implicit biases. Cultural competence and educational courses targeting racial disparities among maternal healthcare providers (MHCP) are essential for the reduction of PRDs and pregnancy-related complications (PRC) among this target population. Additionally, quality and proper continuity of care require an increased awareness surrounding the risk of cardiovascular diseases for pregnant Black women.
conclusionsThe surging MMR for Black women is a public health crisis that requires a multi-tiered approach. Interventions should be implemented at the provider and healthcare institution level to dismantle implicit biases and structural racism. Improving patient-provider relationships through increased cultural competency and disparity education will increase patient engagement with the maternal healthcare (MHC) system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.