ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2024
Locations of COVID-19 vaccination provision: Urban-rural differences.
Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pediatric Radiation Oncology in the Era of COVID-19: A Single Institution Analysis.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Insights from the front line: uplifting stories of the COVID-19 pandemic through the eyes of the public health workforce in Iowa.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeOur goal was to compare locations of COVID-19 vaccine provision in urban and rural communities over the course of the pandemic.
methodsWe used the Iowa Immunization Registry Information System (IRIS) to identify the organizations providing COVID-19 vaccines (eg, pharmacies, public health departments, and medical providers). Proportions of first-dose vaccines by organization type and patient census-based statistical area were generated. We calculated Chi-square tests to assess differences among metropolitan, micropolitan, and noncore communities.
findingsIRIS data revealed that 64% (n = 2,043,251) of Iowans received their first COVID-19 vaccine between December 14, 2020, and December 31, 2022. For metropolitan-dwelling individuals, most first doses were administered at pharmacies (53%), with similar trends observed for micropolitan (49%) and noncore (42%) individuals. The second most common location for metropolitan individuals was medical practices (17%); public health clinics and departments were the second most common provider for micropolitan (26%) and noncore (33%) individuals. These trends shifted over time. In December 2020, hospitals were the most common vaccine provider for everyone, but by December 2022, medical providers were the most common source for metropolitan individuals, and pharmacies were most common for micropolitan and noncore individuals.
conclusionsTrends in the type of vaccine provider differentiated metropolitan residents from micropolitan and noncore residents. For the latter groups, local public health departments played a more significant role. Across all groups, pharmacists emerged as a critical vaccine provider. Our findings can be used to plan for seasonal vaccine campaigns as well as potential future mass vaccination campaigns.
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