ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Sex differences in neonatal brain injury and inflammation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetics and Brain Distribution of a Purine-Derived Neuroprotective Agent after Intranasal Administration in Neonatal Rats with Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Sex-specific effects of therapeutic hypothermia on short- and long-term microglial and astrocytic reactivity after severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Challenges We Faced with Animal Models for Neurological Disorders.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Gut-brain-immune interactions in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Review
- Inflammatory reprogramming of immature oligodendrocytes perturbs myelination and neurodevelopment in a dual-hit model of preterm brain injury.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- N-Acetylcysteine protects the developing brain in neonatal sepsis-like inflammation via a redox-neurovascular pathway.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Targeted delivery of IDR-1018 via biomimetic magnetic nanovesicles suppresses neurovascular cell death and promotes angiogenic repair after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden and trends of neonatal encephalopathy.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Brain metabolomic profiling reveals ischemia-dominant disruption of metabolic pathways and tissue homeostasis in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Impact of birth weight on long-term growth and development in children: evidence from a nationwide cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Anthropometric Failure and Associated Factors Among Infants Aged 6-8 Months in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Neonatal hyperoxia exposure causes cerebellar lesions and behavioral abnormalities in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Optimal surgical timing after high-altitude de-adaptation: day-30 post-descent marks physiologic recalibration and improved small bowel repair in rats.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Hexokinase 2 upregulation is associated with glycolytic reprogramming and neuroinflammation in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: a therapeutic target for early intervention.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A minimally invasive, scalable and reproducible neonatal rat model of severe focal brain injury.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends and disparities in infant mortality from intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia in the United States, 1999-2023.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune responses in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: cellular roles, crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- MRI patterns and clinical outcomes in cerebral palsy: insights from a large MRICS-based cohort.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- A systematic scoring system to optimise the testing of neurotherapeutics in models of perinatal brain injury, with an applied case study of human umbilical-cord MSC.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neonatal brain injury and associated inflammation is more common in males. There is a well-recognised difference in incidence and outcome of neonatal encephalopathy according to sex with a pronounced male disadvantage. Neurodevelopmental differences manifest from an early age in infancy with females having a lower incidence of developmental delay and learning difficulties in comparison with males and male sex has consistently been identified as a risk factor for cerebral palsy in epidemiological studies. Important neurobiological differences exist between the sexes with respect to neuronal injury which are especially pronounced in preterm neonates. There are many potential reasons for these sex differences including genetic, immunological and hormonal differences but there are limited studies of neonatal immune response. Animal models with induced neonatal hypoxia have shown various sex differences including an upregulated immune response and increased microglial activation in males. Male sex is recognized to be a risk factor for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during the perinatal period and this review discusses in detail the sex differences in brain injury in preterm and term neonates and some of the potential new therapies with possible sex affects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.