ArticleFrontiers in public health2023
Adverse childhood experiences: impacts on adult mental health and social withdrawal.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Failure to Launch (FTL): A Narrative Review and Call for Research.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2026Review
- Childhood Trauma and Hikikomori in Social Anxiety Disorder: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Distortions.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2026Article
- Bullying as an Adverse Childhood Experience?-State of the Art.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Impact of adverse childhood experiences on health-related quality of life in Australian women with endometriosis: a population-based cohort study.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- The relationship between self-reported adverse experiences and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly individuals: A longitudinal study based on the CHARLS database.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Mediational effect analysis of childhood emotional abuse on prodromal psychotic symptoms in self-taught examination students.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comorbidity Between Hikikomori and Autistic Traits May Be Identified as a Phenotypical Presentation Characterized by Greater Severity.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Association between adverse childhood experiences and masculinity with well-being: moderating role of behavioural emotional regulation among men of three nations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Childhood Victimizing ACEs, Peer Victimization, Cyber Victimization: Gender Differences and Associations with Young Adult Psychological Distress.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2025Article
- Burden of mental disorders and risk factors in the Western Pacific region from 1990 to 2021.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Adverse childhood experiences and subsequent experiences of intimate partner violence in adulthood: a gender perspective.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
- Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to negatively impact adult mental health outcomes. Numerous studies have highlighted on ACEs in family and community settings. However, few have examined the impact of ACEs in school settings, despite the potential influence on social participation. Hikikomori, characterized by severe social withdrawal, was first studied in Japan and has gained recognition in recent years. The present study aims to present the concept of ACEs specific to schools and investigate the impact of both school ACEs and traditional ACEs on adult mental health and Hikikomori. Methods: A total of 4,000 Japanese adults, aged 20-34, were recruited through an Internet survey form. All data were obtained in October 2021. Participants answered questions regarding their ACEs in the family (10 items), school ACEs (five teacher-related items and two bullying-related items), depressive/anxiety symptoms, and Hikikomori (remaining at home for more than 6 months). Results: A significant association with depressive/anxiety symptoms was shown in both ACEs and school ACEs. An increase of one point in the ACE scores was associated with a 24% increase in the risk of depressive/anxiety symptoms. School ACE scores also demonstrated a significant association with depressive/anxiety symptoms, with an increase of one point associated with a 44% increase in the risk of these symptoms. As for Hikikomori, a significant association was shown in the school ACEs only: a 29% increased risk of Hikikomori for every one-point increase in school ACE scores. Both school ACE scores for teacher-related and bullying-related factors revealed a significant association with Hikikomori; the rates of increased risk were 23 and 37%, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that school ACEs, rather than ACEs in the family, are associated with the risk of Hikikomori. School ACEs are important for social adaptation, and reducing traumatic experiences in school settings may have the potential to prevent problems in later life, specifically in terms of social participation.
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