ArticleThe Lancet regional health. Europe2023
Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety among family members and friends of critically ill COVID-19 patients - an observational study of five cohorts across four countries.
Article in The Lancet regional health. Europe, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-term psychological effects of COVID-19-related quarantine: an observational study of three cohorts in Norway and Iceland.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- Healthcare Expenditure and COVID-19 in Europe: Correlation, Entropy, and Functional Data Analysis-Based Prediction of Hospitalizations and ICU Admissions.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A cross-section study of the relationship between lifestyles and severity of COVID-19 symptoms in people living with HIV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identification of gene signatures and potential pharmaceutical candidates linked to COVID-19-related depression based on gene expression profiles.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Depressive symptom trajectories among general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland: a prospective cohort study (2020-2023).BMJ public health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
27 authors at 10 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: Little is known regarding the mental health impact of having a significant person (family member and/or close friend) with COVID-19 of different severity. Methods: The study included five prospective cohorts from four countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK) with self-reported data on COVID-19 and symptoms of depression and anxiety during March 2020-March 2022. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) of depression and anxiety in relation to having a significant person with COVID-19 and performed a longitudinal analysis in the Swedish cohort to describe temporal patterns. Findings: 162,237 and 168,783 individuals were included in the analysis of depression and anxiety, respectively, of whom 24,718 and 27,003 reported a significant person with COVID-19. Overall, the PR was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.05-1.10) for depression and 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03-1.13) for anxiety in relation to having a significant person with COVID-19. The respective PRs for depression and anxiety were 1.15 (95% CI: 1.08-1.23) and 1.24 (95% CI: 1.14-1.34) if the patient was hospitalized, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.27-1.57) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.31-1.60) if the patient was ICU-admitted, and 1.34 (95% CI: 1.22-1.46) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.22-1.51) if the patient died. Individuals with a significant person with hospitalized, ICU-admitted, or fatal COVID-19 showed elevated prevalence of depression and anxiety during the entire year after the COVID-19 diagnosis. Interpretation: Family members and close friends of critically ill COVID-19 patients show persistently elevated prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Funding: This study was primarily supported by NordForsk (COVIDMENT, 105668) and Horizon 2020 (CoMorMent, 847776).
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