ArticleBMC nephrology2023
Kidney disease characteristics, prevalence, and risk factors in León, Nicaragua: a population-based study.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pediatric kidney health outcomes in communities impacted by chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): a systematic review.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Pooled it
- Environmental risk factors for chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in tropical coastal areas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Riboflavin intake and kidney health: population evidence and mechanistic insights from NHANES and molecular docking analyses.Renal failure · 2026Article
- CKDPediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Scoping Review of Interventions to Prevent CKD of Unknown Origin in Working Populations.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Experiences of heat stress and adapting practices among farmworkers in northwest Nicaragua: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Environmental Heat and Renal Health Across Cosmopolitan Populations: A Scoping Review Focused on Sex-Specific Vulnerability.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- Genetic Factors Related to the Development or Progression of Mesoamerican Endemic Nephropathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in Chile: Temporal trends in hospitalization rates from 2010 to 2019.PloS one · 2025Article
- International prevalence patterns of low eGFR in adults aged 18-60 without traditional risk factors from population-based cross-sectional studies: a disadvantaged populations eGFR epidemiology (DEGREE) study.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Regional hotspots for chronic kidney disease: A multinational study from the ISN-GKHA.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) disproportionately affects young people in Central America who lack traditional CKD risk factors (diabetes and hypertension) and has instead been variably linked to heat stress, occupational and environmental exposures, nephrotoxic medications, and/or genetic susceptibility. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD and identify risk factors for traditional CKD and CKDu in Nicaragua.
methodsSurveys and assessment for CKD markers in urine and serum were performed in 15-59 year olds in households of the León municipality of Nicaragua. The survey included questions on demographics, health behaviors, occupation, and medical history. Participants with CKD were subdivided into traditional CKD and suspected CKDu based on history of diabetes, hypertension, or other specified conditions. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with traditional CKD and suspected CKDu, compared to the non-CKD reference group.
resultsIn 1795 study participants, CKD prevalence was 8.6%. Prevalence in males was twofold higher than females (12% vs 6%). Of those with CKD, 35% had suspected CKDu. Both traditional CKD and CKDu were associated with male sex and increasing age. Traditional CKD was associated with a family history of CKD, history of urinary tract infections, and lower socioeconomic status, while CKDu was associated with drinking well water and a lower body mass index.
conclusionsBoth traditional CKD and CKDu are significant burdens in this region. Our study supports previous hypotheses of CKDu etiology and emphasizes the importance of CKD screening.
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