SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2024
Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties.
Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale and Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision 4: A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Clinician-Reported Negative Symptom Scales: A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Elevated Plasma DISC1 Levels Are Associated With Motivational Deficits in Medication-Free Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: An Exploratory Study.PsyCh journal · 2026Article
- Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Methodological challenges and emerging solutions for outcome measurement.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- AI-enabled passive digital phenotyping of experiential negative symptoms in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a narrative review on the path from sensing to clinical endpoints.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- COSMIN systematic review and meta-analysis of the measurement properties of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- COSMIN review of the PANSS Marder factor solution and other factor models in people with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Systematic Review of Self-Assessment Scales for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: From the Consensus Conference-Derived Scales to Remote Digital Phenotyping.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Rationale and Challenges for a New Instrument for Remote Measurement of Negative Symptoms.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and hypothesisNegative symptoms are very important for the overall loss of functioning observed in patients with schizophrenia. There is a need for valid tools to assess these symptoms. STUDY
designWe used the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) systematic review guideline to evaluate the quality of the clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms (CAINS) as a clinician-rated outcome measurement (ClinROM). STUDY
resultsThe search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 13 articles, 11 of which were included in this evaluation. In terms of risk of bias, most articles reported on measures of internal consistency and construct validity, which were overall of good quality. Structural validity, reliability, measurement error, and cross-cultural validity were reported with less than optimum quality. There was a risk of bias in ClinROM development. According to the updated criteria of good measurement properties, structural validity, internal consistency, and reliability showed good results. In contrast, hypothesis testing was somewhat poorer. Results for cross-cultural validity were indeterminate. According to the updated GRADE approach from the COSMIN group the scale received a moderate grade.
conclusionsThe COSMIN standard allows a judgment of the CAINS as an instrument with the potential to be recommended for use, but which requires further research to assess its quality, in particular in the domains of content validity, internal consistency, and cross-cultural validity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.