ArticleBMC ophthalmology2023
Refractive and corneal astigmatism in Chinese 4-15 years old children: prevalence and risk factors.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Astigmatism Types Effects on Internal Astigmatism and Compensation in Children: Hong Kong Children Eye Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Two-Year Changes in Astigmatism in Myopic Children Wearing Lenslet-ARray-Integrated Spectacle Lenses.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Prevalence, vector evolution, and visual impact of astigmatism: a large-scale study of 79,066 children in Beijing, China.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Enhanced school-based vision screening in Kumasi, Ghana: a pilot study to assess feasibility.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The role of astigmatism in myopia development, myopia progression and myopia control.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Review
- Prevalence and patterns of subnormal visual acuity and refractive errors among preschool children in Sucheng district: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Exploring the Prevalence and Biological Features of Astigmatism in Primary School Children in Zibo City, China.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo investigate the prevalence and risk factors of refractive astigmatism (RA) and corneal astigmatism (CA) in preschool children and school-aged children in Shanghai, China.
methodsIn this school-based, cross-sectional study, 4-15 years old children across three learning stages of kindergarten, primary school, and junior high school underwent noncycloplegic autorefraction and completed comprehensive questionnaires involving time spent on daily homework and outdoor activities. Data from the right eyes were analysed.
resultsOverall, 7084 children (mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age: 8.08 ± 3.11 years) were included, and the prevalence rates of RA/CA ( ≤ - 1.0 D) in children were 15.8%/64% in kindergartens, 16.5%/65% in primary schools, and 32.8%/76.9% in junior high schools. The magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA all increased with age or with learning stage (all P < 0.001). The presence of RA was associated with more myopic spherical power (odds ratio (OR) 0.956, P = 0.021), junior high school (OR 1.973, P < 0.001), longer homework time on weekdays (OR 1.074, P = 0.029), and shorter outdoor activity time on weekends (odds ratio 0.929, P = 0.013).
conclusionIn the wide age range of 4 to 15 years, the magnitude and prevalence of RA and CA increased with the learning stage, and these increases mainly began at the primary school stage. Factors, including longer homework time and shorter outdoor time were correlated with the presence of RA.
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