ArticleScientific reports2023
IL-4 and IL-13 induce equivalent expression of traditional M2 markers and modulation of reactive oxygen species in human macrophages.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alterations in Immune Cell Profiles in the Liver in Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Next-generation macrophage engineering in cancer therapy: From TAM reprogramming to CAR-macrophages.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Tissue-Resident Macrophage in Inflammation and Cancer.MedComm · 2026Review
- Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Macrophage cell therapy enabled by interleukin-4 mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles to sustain a pro-reparative phenotype in inflammatory injuries.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- Intravesical folate-conjugated hydroxyethyl starch micelles for pH-triggered co-delivery of epirubicin and TLR7 agonist toward synergistic chemoimmunotherapy of bladder cancer.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Review of Natural Products Against Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: From Sensitization to Chronic Remodeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Modulation of the Immune-Inflammatory Microenvironment by Implant Material Properties in Peri-Implantitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Engineering Approaches to Modify Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs): Tissue Regeneration and Clinical Application.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- The double-edged sword role of tumor-associated macrophages: preventing or causing resistance to immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Memory Cells in Atopic Dermatitis: Paving the Way to Disease Modification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Entrectinib attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting JNK, p38, and AKT pathways and ameliorates cognitive impairment.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Article
- 3D Osteoimmune Stem Cell Spheroids with Osteoinduction and Immunomodulation Dual Functionality forACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
- Article
- TSG-6 Activated MSC-derived Extracellular Vesicles Present Altered micro-RNA Contents and Ameliorate the Inflammatory Phenotype of Macrophages in Vitro.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Exploring macrophage polarization: biological insights, key laboratory techniques and research perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- STAT6 inhibition of M2 macrophages suppresses tumor growth by modulating the tumor microenvironment in colon cancer model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of osteoclast activation in inflammatory bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- IL-13 and skin fibrosis in inflammatory skin diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In cardiovascular disease, pathological and protective roles are reported for the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. We hypothesised that differential effects on macrophage function are responsible. Type I and II receptor subunit (IL-2Rγ, IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1) and M2 marker (MRC-1, CCL18, CCL22) expression was assessed via RT-qPCR in IL-4- and IL-13-treated human primary macrophages. Downstream signalling was evaluated via STAT1, STAT3 and STAT6 inhibitors, and IL-4- and IL-13-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation assessed. IL-4 and IL-13 exhibited equivalent potency and efficacy for M2 marker induction, which was attenuated by STAT3 inhibition. Both cytokines enhanced PDBu-stimulated superoxide generation however this effect was 17% greater with IL-4 treatment. Type I IL-4 receptor expression was increased on M1-like macrophages but did not lead to a differing ability of these cytokines to modulate M1-like macrophage superoxide production. Overall, this study did not identify major differences in the ability of IL-4 and IL-13 to modulate macrophage function, suggesting that the opposing roles of these cytokines in cardiovascular disease are likely to be via actions on other cell types. Future studies should directly compare IL-4 and IL-13 in vivo to more thoroughly investigate the therapeutic validity of selective targeting of these cytokines.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.