ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2023
Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Estimates of global burden of snakebite: A literature review and geostatistical modelling study.PLoS medicine · 2026Review
- Potential of machine learning for prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: a scoping review.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of snakebite envenomation in Northwest Iran: insights from East Azerbaijan Province.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of paediatric snakebites in Northeastern Nigeria: a retrospective single-center study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- The incidence of snakebite in South Africa and the challenges associated with lack of reporting.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Article
- Symptoms and Management of Painful Progressive Swelling in Eswatini Snakebite Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Observational
- Using a Machine Learning Approach to Predict Snakebite Envenoming Outcomes Among Patients Attending the Snakebite Treatment and Research Hospital in Kaltungo, Northeastern Nigeria.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- A database on the historical and current occurrences of snakes in Eswatini.Database : the journal of biological databases and curation · 2025Article
- Developing and applying a training needs analysis tool for healthcare workers managing snakebite envenoming: A cross-sectional study in Eswatini.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
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15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHalving snakebite morbidity and mortality by 2030 requires countries to develop both prevention and treatment strategies. The paucity of data on the global incidence and severity of snakebite envenoming causes challenges in prioritizing and mobilising resources for snakebite prevention and treatment. In line with the World Health Organisation's 2019 Snakebite Strategy, this study sought to investigate Eswatini's snakebite epidemiology and outcomes, and identify the socio-geographical factors associated with snakebite risk. METHODOLOGY: Programmatic data from the Ministry of Health, Government of Eswatini 2019-2021, was used to assess the epidemiology and outcomes of snakebite in Eswatini. We developed a snake species richness map from the occurrence data of all venomous snakes of medical importance in Eswatini that was subjected to niche modelling. We formulated four risk indices using snake species richness, various geospatial datasets and reported snakebites. A multivariate cluster modelling approach using these indices was developed to estimate risk of snakebite and the outcomes of snakebite in Eswatini. PRINCIPAL
findingsAn average of 466 snakebites was recorded annually in Eswatini. Bites were recorded across the entire country and peaked in the evening during summer months. Two cluster risk maps indicated areas of the country with a high probability of snakebite and a high probability of poor snakebite outcomes. The areas with the highest rate of snakebite risk were primarily in the rural and agricultural regions of the country. SIGNIFICANCE: These models can be used to inform better snakebite prevention and treatment measures to enable Eswatini to meet the global goal of reducing snakebite morbidity and mortality by 50% by 2030. The supply chain challenges of antivenom affecting southern Africa and the high rates of snakebite identified in our study highlight the need for improved snakebite prevention and treatment tools that can be employed by health care workers stationed at rural, community clinics.
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