ArticleNature medicine2023
Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c.
Article in Nature medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Cornelian Cherry (Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Glycemic Markers and Cardiometabolic Multiple Long-Term Conditions: Comparative Roles of Glycated Hemoglobin and Fasting Plasma Glucose in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2026Article
- Diabetes, prediabetes, and mild cognitive impairment among older adults: the Hitachi Health Study II.Acta diabetologica · 2026Article
- Correlation between the modified cardiometabolic index and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in a population with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: a nationwide prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Utilization of glycated hemoglobin testing in the Korean health check-up population from local clinics and hospitals and its impact on diabetes and prediabetes classification.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Association of cumulative exposure and change patterns of triglyceride-glucose index combined with novel obesity indices with glycemic transitions in prediabetes: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Observational
- Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Undiagnosed Diabetes in Adults: Findings From the 2025 IDF Diabetes Atlas.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Inequities in the Hypertension and Diabetes Care Cascade: A Comparison of SES and Insurance in China, the US, and the UK.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The limitations and fallacies of relying on glycosylated hemoglobin for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes in Indian populations.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Review
- Validity of hemoglobin A1C for screening prediabetes and diabetes in the Iranian population: analysis of National surveillance data.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations of triglyceride-glucose-related indices and cardiovascular health with retinal arteriosclerosis: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Associations of Different Definitions of Prediabetes and Diabetes with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- Attainment of global diabetes targets in 2021: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from national surveys in 100 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries.The Lancet. Global health · 2026Article
- 1,5-Anhydroglucitol: From Short-Term Glycemic Monitoring to Risk Stratification of Diabetes Complications.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Review
- Nonlinear association between stress hyperglycemia ratio and short-term and long-term mortality in sepsis patients with atrial fibrillation: a cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Chinese Herbal Medicines for Diabetic Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases: Key Bioactive Metabolites and Action Mechanisms.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Review
- Sociodemographic Factors, Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Adults with Diabetes: A Pilot Study from a Croatian Reference Center.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Potential Molecular Biomarkers for Predicting and Monitoring Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association between plasma extracellular vesicles LncRNAs and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
1 author at 20 institutions in 93 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.
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