Significance of Confounding Factors in Retrospective Observational Studies.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

1. Addressing Biases in Analysis of Time of Infusion: NCI/SWOG Trial S1404 Among Participants With High-Risk Resectable Melanoma Who Received Adjuvant Anti-PD-1 Therapy.JCO oncology practice · 2026
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2. Integrating body composition analysis and machine learning for non-invasive identification of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a large-scale health examination-based study.Scientific reports · 2026
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3. The optimal timing for initiating oral anticoagulant in ischemic stroke combined with non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients: A real-world big data analysis.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025
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4. The Impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on Clinical Outcomes for Patients Receiving Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapies for Advanced Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center
   Article

Corrections and comments

• Comment on
  Compromised Outcomes in Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Actionable Mutations Initially Treated Without Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data.2024

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

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