ArticleBiology of sex differences2023
Genetic hypogonadal mouse model reveals niche-specific influence of reproductive axis and sex on intestinal microbial communities.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of the gut microbiome of wildFrontiers in microbiomes · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Impact of Prophylactic Administration of Ivermectin on the Fecal Microbiome of Healthy C57BL/6J Mice (Mus musculus).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Artificial polysaccharide-binding protein mediates co-assembly of nanodrug and probiotics against drug-resistant infectious enteritis.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Differences in Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolism of Jiangshan Black Pigs.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Influence of menstrual cycle and oral contraception on taxonomic composition and gas production in the gut microbiome.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Revealing Amur tiger family pedigrees based on age identification using fecal microbiome and kinship analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Metagenomic analysis reveals the community composition of the microbiome in different segments of the digestive tract in donkeys and cows: implications for microbiome research.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Genetic hypogonadal (Gnrh1bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on the Gut Microbiome of Mice with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation.Microorganisms · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe gut microbiome has been linked to many diseases with sex bias including autoimmune, metabolic, neurological, and reproductive disorders. While numerous studies report sex differences in fecal microbial communities, the role of the reproductive axis in this differentiation is unclear and it is unknown how sex differentiation affects microbial diversity in specific regions of the small and large intestine.
methodsWe used a genetic hypogonadal mouse model that does not produce sex steroids or go through puberty to investigate how sex and the reproductive axis impact bacterial diversity within the intestine. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed alpha and beta diversity and taxonomic composition of fecal and intestinal communities from the lumen and mucosa of the duodenum, ileum, and cecum from adult female (n = 20) and male (n = 20) wild-type mice and female (n = 17) and male (n = 20) hypogonadal mice.
resultsBoth sex and reproductive axis inactivation altered bacterial composition in an intestinal section and niche-specific manner. Hypogonadism was significantly associated with bacteria from the Bacteroidaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae families, which have genes for bile acid metabolism and mucin degradation. Microbial balances between males and females and between hypogonadal and wild-type mice were also intestinal section-specific. In addition, we identified 3 bacterial genera (Escherichia Shigella, Lachnoclostridium, and Eggerthellaceae genus) with higher abundance in wild-type female mice throughout the intestinal tract compared to both wild-type male and hypogonadal female mice, indicating that activation of the reproductive axis leads to female-specific differentiation of the gut microbiome. Our results also implicated factors independent of the reproductive axis (i.e., sex chromosomes) in shaping sex differences in intestinal communities. Additionally, our detailed profile of intestinal communities showed that fecal samples do not reflect bacterial diversity in the small intestine.
conclusionsOur results indicate that sex differences in the gut microbiome are intestinal niche-specific and that sampling feces or the large intestine may miss significant sex effects in the small intestine. These results strongly support the need to consider both sex and reproductive status when studying the gut microbiome and while developing microbial-based therapies.
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