ArticleEuropean journal of orthodontics2024
Influence of BMI percentile on craniofacial morphology and development in adolescents,Part II: elevated BMI is associated with larger final facial dimensions.
Article in European journal of orthodontics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Childhood Obesity and Craniofacial Growth: A Cross-Sectional Orthodontic Cephalometric Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Exploring the relationship between insulin resistance, wrist circumference, dental age, and skeletal maturation in growing patients with overweight and obesity: a pilot study.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Malocclusion in 12-13-years old Polish adolescents - an analysis across a spectrum of parental, birth, and developmental factors.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Influence of body mass index on facial soft tissue morphology in growing non-obese children.European journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
- Evaluating the causal effects of life-course adiposity on jaw anomalies.Progress in orthodontics · 2025Article
- Obesity and Overweight Conditions in Children and Adolescents (6-18 Years) and Their Impact on Craniofacial Morphology: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effect of rapid palatal expansion on condylar displacement and TMJ space: A CBCT evaluation among pediatric population.Bioinformation · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundPrevalence of adolescent obesity has markedly increased from 5.2% in 1974 to 19.7% in 2021. Understanding the impacts of obesity is important to orthodontists, as growth acceleration and greater pre-pubertal facial dimensions are seen in children with elevated body mass index (BMI).
methodsTo identify whether adolescent obesity shifts the timing and rate of craniofacial growth resulting in larger post-treatment dimensions, we evaluated cephalometric outcomes in overweight/obese (BMI > 85%, n = 168) and normal weight (n = 158) adolescents (N = 326 total). Cephalometric measurements were obtained from pre- and post-treatment records to measure growth rates and final dimensions and were statistically evaluated with repeated measures analysis of variance and linear regression models.
resultsOverweight and obese adolescents began and finished treatment with significantly larger, bimaxillary prognathic craniofacial dimensions, with elevated mandibular length [articulare-gnathion (Ar-Gn)], maxillary length [condylion-anterior nasal spine (Co-ANS), posterior nasal spine-ANS (PNS-ANS)], and anterior lower face height (ANS-Me), suggesting overweight children grow more overall. However, there was no difference between weight cohorts in the amount of cephalometric change during treatment, and regression analyses demonstrated no correlation between change in growth during treatment and BMI. BMI percentile was a significant linear predictor (P < 0.05) for cephalometric post-treatment outcomes, including Ar-Gn, Co-ANS, ANS-Me, upper face height percentage (UFH:total FH, inverse relationship), lower face height percentage (LFH:total FH), sella-nasion-A-point (SNA), and SN-B-point (SNB). LIMITATIONS: The study is retrospective.
conclusionsGrowth begins earlier in overweight and obese adolescents and continues at a rate similar to normal-weight children during orthodontic treatment, resulting in larger final skeletal dimensions. Orthodontics could begin earlier in overweight patients to time care with growth, and clinicians can anticipate that overweight/obese patients will finish treatment with proportionally larger, bimaxillary-prognathic craniofacial dimensions.
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