SynthesisThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2024
Sex-Specific Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease Risks in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis Involving 3 916 276 Individuals.
Synthesis in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Prevalence and Factors Associated With Severe Obesity Among U.S. Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of obesity · 2026Article
- Factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in underweight, overweight and obesity among adults aged 18-49 years in Lesotho: Evidence from the 2023-2024 Demographic and Health Survey.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Built environment is a key driver of cardiometabolic health in two Indigenous groups undergoing rapid lifestyle change.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2026Article
- Waiting time for bariatric and metabolic surgery in the Brazilian public health system and comorbidities: what is the impact?Arquivos brasileiros de cirurgia digestiva : ABCD = Brazilian archives of digestive surgery · 2026Article
- The effect of rebound exercise on cognition and balance of females with overweight and obesity.The Libyan journal of medicine · 2025Article
- Six Years of Genetic Diagnosis of Severe Early-Onset Obesity in a French Cohort.Obesity science & practice · 2025Article
- Gender-Specific Moderating Role of Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Relationship Between BMI and C-Reactive Protein: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Polish Women-The Role of Body Composition and Sociodemographic Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Urbanization exacerbates age-associated declines in cardiometabolic health in Turkana and Orang Asli.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- The arabic version of the fat phobia scale-short form: reliability and structural validity.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2025Article
- Analysis of inequities between demographic and social determinants associated with overweight and obesity.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Progression of obesity and abdominal obesity after the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia: a comparison of two cross-sectional population-based studies.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Burden of hypertensive heart disease attributed to metabolic factors from 1990 to 2021 at global, regional, and national levels: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Global burden of hypertensive heart disease attributable to high body mass index from 1990 to 2021: a multidimensional analysis and public health response.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- The built environment is more predictive of cardiometabolic health than other aspects of lifestyle in two rapidly transitioning Indigenous populations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- An Overview of Body Size Preference, Perception and Dissatisfaction in Sub-Saharan Africans Living in the United States.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextThere is limited knowledge about the disparities between the sexes in obesity prevalence and associated cardiovascular complications in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
objectiveWe undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess sex-specific disparities in the prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in LMICs, the burden in women, and variations by region, country's income status, setting, and time.
methodsWe searched major databases from inception to March 2023. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, assessed their quality, and extracted data. We used DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models to obtain pooled estimates of odds ratios and 95% CI for the association between sex and obesity and cardiometabolic diseases, and multilevel random-effects logistic regression models to estimate the prevalence of relevant outcomes (PROSPERO CRD42019132609).
resultsWe included 345 studies (3 916 276 individuals). The odds of obesity were 2.72-fold higher in women than men (OR 2.72; 95% CI, 2.54-2.91). The sex-specific disparities varied by region, with the greatest disparities in Sub-Saharan Africa (OR 3.91; 95% CI, 3.49-4.39). Among women in LMICs, 23% (95% CI, 21%-25%) had obesity, 27% (95% CI, 24%-29%) had hypertension, and 7% (95% CI, 6%-9%) had type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in women varied by region, country's income, and setting, with the highest prevalence in the Middle East and North Africa, upper-middle-income countries and urban settings. The odds of hypertension (OR 2.41; 95% CI, 1.89-3.08) and type 2 diabetes (OR 2.65; 95% CI, 1.76-3.98) were doubled in women with vs without obesity.
conclusionThere is an urgent need for a women-centred and region-stratified approach to tackle obesity awareness, treatment, and prevention in women in LMICs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.