ArticleEducational and psychological measurement2021
Disentangling Item and Testing Effects in Inoculation Research on Online Misinformation: Solomon Revisited.
Article in Educational and psychological measurement, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychological Inoculation for Credibility Assessment, Sharing Intention, and Discernment of Misinformation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of an online vaccine misinformation game for Arabic-speaking Australians: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2026Trial
- Re-examining the bad news game: No evidence of improved discrimination of Indian true and fake news headlines.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Article
- The Online Misinformation Susceptibility Scale: Development and Initial Validation.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Psychological booster shots targeting memory increase long-term resistance against misinformation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Misinformation Susceptibility Test (MIST): A psychometrically validated measure of news veracity discernment.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Processing of misinformation as motivational and cognitive biases.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Executive function and the continued influence of misinformation: A latent-variable analysis.PloS one · 2023Article
- Psychological inoculation can reduce susceptibility to misinformation in large rational agent networks.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- Technique-based inoculation against real-world misinformation.Royal Society open science · 2022Article
- A digital media literacy intervention for older adults improves resilience to fake news.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Knowing Well, Being Well: well-being born of understanding: The Urgent Need for Coordinated and Comprehensive Efforts to Combat Misinformation.American journal of health promotion : AJHP · 2022Article
- Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world.Royal Society open science · 2020Article
- Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Online misinformation is a pervasive global problem. In response, psychologists have recently explored the theory of psychological inoculation: If people are preemptively exposed to a weakened version of a misinformation technique, they can build up cognitive resistance. This study addresses two unanswered methodological questions about a widely adopted online "fake news" inoculation game,
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.