ArticleInternational breastfeeding journal2023
Impact of breastfeeding during infancy on functional constipation at 3 years of age: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.
Article in International breastfeeding journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and influencing factors of functional constipation in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Development and validation of a risk prediction model for functional constipation in school-aged children.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations between maternal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and functional constipation in children at 3 and 4 years: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Infant Dyschezia Is Associated With Increased Risk of Functional Constipation in Childhood: A Case-Control Study.International journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Early life gut microbial and metabolic shifts reflected in stool consistency- a gut transit time proxy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Prospective association of daily toothbrushing frequency and the prevalence of childhood functional constipation: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Prevention of pediatric functional constipation: a narrative review.Jornal de pediatriaReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is a lack of large, nationwide, birth cohort studies in Japan that examine the relationships of initial feeding habits and breastfeeding period duration with offspring functional constipation at 3 years of age. This study assessed the impact of breastfeeding during infancy on early childhood functional constipation.
methodsThe fixed data of 70,078 singleton births from the ongoing Japan Environment and Children's Study cohort study that commenced in 2011 were used to identify functional constipation as estimated by Rome III at 3 years of age. The exposure variables were breastfeeding period duration until 12 months of age (never, up to 6 months, or ≥ 7 months) as well as breastfeeding status at 1 month and 6 months of age (breastfeeding exclusively, partial breastfeeding, or infant formula feeding only). Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to search for correlations for functional constipation development with breastfeeding period duration until 12 months of age and breastfeeding status during infancy.
resultsWe identified 8,118 toddlers (11.6%) who met the Rome III criteria at 3 years of age. After controlling for potential covariates, a breastfeeding period duration of 7 months or more was inversely related to functional constipation development (≥ 7 months: adjusted odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval (CI)] 0.76 [0.65, 0.88] versus never breastfed, P for trend < 0.001). Other initial feeding methods were significantly related to an increased risk of functional constipation as compared with breastfeeding exclusively at 1 month of age (partial breastfeeding: adjusted OR [95% CI] 1.17 [1.11, 1.23], formula feeding only: 1.23 [1.07, 1.40]) and 6 months of age (partial breastfeeding: adjusted OR [95% CI] 1.18 [1.12, 1.24], formula feeding only: adjusted OR [95% CI] 1.42 [1.20, 1.68]).
conclusionThis large nationwide survey revealed a possible protective effect of a prolonged breastfeeding period duration and early exclusive breastfeeding in infancy on functional constipation at 3 years.
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