ArticleScientific reports2023
Variability of groundwater fluoride and its proportionate risk quantification via Monte Carlo simulation in rural and urban areas of Agra district, India.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Groundwater compliant with drinking water standards poses a "silent risk" of cumulative health hazards.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2026Article
- Quality appraisal and hydrochemical analysis of groundwater for domestic and irrigation aspects.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrated assessment of drinking water quality and child nitrate health risk using indices and Monte Carlo simulation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Assessing Fluoride Concentrations in Iowa's Groundwater and Drinking Water: Implications for Public Health and Water Management.Environmental science. Advances · 2026Article
- Prediction of groundwater quality assessment by integrating boosted learning with DE optimizer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrated groundwater quality assessment using geochemical modelling and machine learning approach in Northern India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A simple and low-cost method for fluoride analysis of plant materials using alkali extraction and ion-selective electrode.Plant methods · 2025Article
- Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of fluoride in groundwater in the oasis of the Hotan river basin in Xinjiang, China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Integrated study of hydrochemistry, quality and risk to human health of groundwater in the upper reaches of the Wulong River Basin.PloS one · 2024Article
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11 authors.
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Abstract
This study quantifies the groundwater fluoride contamination and assesses associated health risks in fluoride-prone areas of the city of Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk model and Monte Carlo Simulations were employed for the assessment. Result revealed that, among various rural and urban areas Pachgain Kheda exhibited the highest average fluoride concentration (5.20 mg/L), while Bagda showed the lowest (0.33 mg/L). Similarly, K.K. Nagar recorded 4.38 mg/L, and Dayalbagh had 1.35 mg/L. Both urban and rural areas exceeded the WHO-recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L, signifying significant public health implications. Health risk assessment indicated a notably elevated probability of non-carcinogenic risk from oral groundwater fluoride exposure in the rural Baroli Ahir block. Risk simulations highlighted that children faced the highest health risks, followed by teenagers and adults. Further, Monte Carlo simulation addressed uncertainties, emphasizing escalated risks for for children and teenagers. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for the 5th and 95th percentile in rural areas ranged from was 0.28-5.58 for children, 0.15-2.58 for teenager, and 0.05-0.58 for adults. In urban areas, from the range was 0.53 to 5.26 for children, 0.27 to 2.41 for teenagers, and 0.1 to 0.53 for adults. Physiological and exposure variations rendered children and teenagers more susceptible. According to the mathematical model, calculations for the non-cancerous risk of drinking water (HQ-ing), the most significant parameters in all the targeted groups of rural areas were concentration (C
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