ArticleArchives of craniofacial surgery2023
The significance of split-face studies and electromyography in forehead rejuvenation.
Article in Archives of craniofacial surgery, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Standardizing Periocular Surface Electromyography: A Scoping Review of Methods and Emerging Applications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Analysis of Lip Pressure and Quality of Life Following Gummy Smile Treatment.Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects · 2026Article
- Treatment of a lip defect in a patient with chorea-acanthocytosis using a combination of surgical and adjuvant onabotulinumtoxinA therapy: a case report.Archives of craniofacial surgery · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBotulinum toxin is a neurotoxic substance with a wide range of uses, from the treatment of musculoskeletal spasms to antiaging regimens by improving wrinkles. Split-face studies in which drugs are injected in the right and left sides of the faces have been actively conducted in botulinum toxin studies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the reliability of a split-face study for determining the effectiveness of botulinum toxin based on eyebrow height and movement, and electromyography results.
methodsThirty-one women aged 35 to 55 years were included in the study. Eyebrow height was measured as the distance from the eyebrows to the upper eyelid margin on the primary gaze, and eyebrow movement was measured as the distance when the forehead was wrinkled for 5 seconds. A noninvasive method was used for electromyography of the frontalis muscles.
resultsNo statistically significant differences in right and left eyebrow heights and movements, and electromyography findings (p= 0.256, p= 1.000, and p= 0.978, respectively) were found. Pearson correlation analysis showed that electromyography muscle activity is positively associated with eyebrow movement, respectively (p< 0.001).
conclusionWe advocate the reliability of split-face study and the usefulness of electromyography of frontalis muscle in forehead rejuvenation research.
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