ArticlePloS one2023
Long COVID in the United States.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Symptomatology of Long COVID Associated with Inherited and Acquired Thrombophilic Conditions: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and Associations of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Defined Long COVID Among Adults: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Long COVID and Subjective Wellbeing among U.S. Working-Age Adults.Research square · 2026Article
- Barriers to Long COVID Care in the U.S.: An Application of Levesque et al.'s Access Framework.Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy · 2026Article
- Development of the long COVID - 6 dimensions quality of life (LC-6D-QoL) scale: a Delphi study.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Article
- Mapping spatial and social inequities of long COVID across the United States: a retrospective cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Ocular Symptoms as a Marker of Dysautonomia in Long-COVID Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Long COVID Syndrome.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2026Article
- REGENECYTE cord blood cell therapy in post-COVID syndrome: a phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Economic burden of long COVID: macroeconomic, cost-of-illness and microeconomic impacts.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2025Review
- Review
- Mapping Long COVID: Spatial and Social Inequities Across the United States.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Chronic health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on school workers: a cross-sectional post-pandemic analysis.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The Current and Future Burden of Long COVID in the United States.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Reproducibility of genetic risk factors identified for long COVID using combinatorial analysis across US and UK patient cohorts with diverse ancestries.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- A nationwide study of risk factors for long COVID and its economic and mental health consequences in the United States.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Self-reported Health Service Utilization and Barriers to Care Among US Adults with a History of Post COVID-19 Condition.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Population-Based Matched Cohort Study of COVID-19 Healthcare Costs, Ontario, Canada.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluating contributions of neuropsychological, psychiatric, and inflammatory processes to the expression of cognitive symptoms in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Functional disabilities and adverse well-being by COVID-19 and Long COVID history and employment status: 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.American journal of industrial medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although yet to be clearly identified as a clinical condition, there is immense concern at the health and wellbeing consequences of long COVID. Using data collected from nearly half a million Americans in the period June 2022-December 2022 in the US Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey (HPS), we find 14 percent reported suffering long COVID at some point, half of whom reported it at the time of the survey. Its incidence varies markedly across the United States-from 11 percent in Hawaii to 18 percent in West Virginia-and is higher for women than men, among Whites compared with Blacks and Asians, and declines with rising education and income. It is at its highest in midlife in the same way as negative affect. Ever having had long COVID is strongly associated with negative affect (anxiety, depression, worry and a lack of interest in things), with the correlation being strongest among those who currently report long COVID, especially if they report severe symptoms. In contrast, those who report having had short COVID report higher wellbeing than those who report never having had COVID. Long COVID is also strongly associated with physical mobility problems, and with problems dressing and bathing. It is also associated with mental problems as indicated by recall and understanding difficulties. Again, the associations are strongest among those who currently report long COVID, while those who said they had had short COVID have fewer physical and mental problems than those who report never having had COVID. Vaccination is associated with lower negative affect, including among those who reported having had long COVID.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.