ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2023
Prevalence and Source Tracing of PFAS in Shallow Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in Wisconsin, USA.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Salt-induced matrix effects on PFAS quantification in online SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Presence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Domestic Wastewater from Community Septic Systems in New Hampshire.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Presence of Legacy and Emerging PFAS in Human Liver Specimens Banked in the United States from 2000 to 2024.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- PFAS in Peri-Urban Agricultural Water: Assessing the Hazard Index in an Organic Farming Environment in Maryland, USA.Toxics · 2026Article
- PFAS in Rural U.S. Well Water: Using Participatory Science to Identify and Communicate Results to Address Risks.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Review
- Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Contributions to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Potomac River: A Basin-Scale Measuring and Modeling Approach.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Characterizing the Areal Extent of PFAS Contamination in Fish Species Downgradient of AFFF Source Zones.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Determinants of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure among Wisconsin residents.Environmental research · 2024Article
- An Atomic and Molecular Insight into How PFOA Reduces α-Helicity, Compromises Substrate Binding, and Creates Binding Pockets in a Model Globular Protein.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure Induces Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Female Rats: Role of Ovaries.Cardiology and cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Samples from 450 homes with shallow private wells throughout the state of Wisconsin (USA) were collected and analyzed for 44 individual per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), general water quality parameters, and indicators of human waste as well as agricultural influence. At least one PFAS was detected in 71% of the study samples, and 22 of the 44 PFAS analytes were detected in one or more samples. Levels of PFOA and/or PFOS exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels of 4 ng/L, put forward by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in March 2023, in 17 of the 450 samples, with two additional samples containing PFHxS ≳ 9 ng/L (the EPA-proposed hazard index reference value). Those samples above the referenced PFAS levels tend to be associated with developed land and human waste indicators (artificial sweeteners and pharmaceuticals), which can be released to groundwater via septic systems. For a few samples with levels of PFOA, PFOS, and/or PFHxS > 40 ng/L, application of wastes to agricultural land is a possible source. Overall, the study suggests that human waste sources, septic systems in particular, are important sources of perfluoroalkyl acids, especially ones with ≤8 perfluorinated carbons, in shallow groundwater.
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