ArticleBMC psychiatry2023
Association between 5-min Apgar score and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a Scotland-wide record linkage study of 758,423 school children.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Joint associations between maternal exposure to ambient air pollutants during pregnancy and low Apgar score in newborns: a birth cohort study in China.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Klotho as a novel biomarker of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and related executive dysfunction.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Umbilical Cord Blood pH Level, Apgar Score, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Detailed Analysis of the Palmomental Reflex and Its Clinical Significance.Brain and behavior · 2024Review
- Trends in Apgar scores and umbilical artery pH: a population-based cohort study on 10,696,831 live births in Germany, 2008-2022.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- The dopamine hypothesis for ADHD: An evaluation of evidence accumulated from human studies and animal models.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 1 in 20 children and is associated with life-long sequelae. Previous studies of the association between Apgar score and ADHD have reported inconsistent findings.
methodsRecord linkage of maternity, prescribing and school pupil census databases was used to conduct a population e-cohort study of singleton children born in Scotland and attending school in Scotland at any point between 2009 and 2013. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between 5-min Apgar score and treated ADHD adjusting for sociodemographic and maternity confounders.
resultsOf the 758,423 children, 7,292 (0.96%) received ADHD medication. The results suggested a potential dose-response relationship between Apgar score and treated ADHD independent of confounders. Referent to an Apgar score of 10, risk of treated ADHD was higher for scores of 0-3 (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.32-2.34), 4-6 (adjusted OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.21-1.86) and even 7-9 (adjusted OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.18-1.36) which are traditionally considered within the normal range.
conclusionsIn addition to reinforcing the need to maximise Apgar score through good obstetric practice, the findings suggest that Apgar score may be useful in predicting future risk of ADHD and therefore facilitating early diagnosis and treatment.
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Registered trials
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