SynthesisBMJ open2023
Cost of the COVID-19 pandemic versus the cost-effectiveness of mitigation strategies in EU/UK/OECD: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Productivity Losses due to Health Problems Arising from COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Population-Level Studies Worldwide.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of preventive COVID-19 interventions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of comparative economic evaluation studies based on real-world data.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Reframing Pandemic Preparedness: Why Positive-Pressure Exposure Control Merits Formal Public Health Evaluation.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- The economic burden of COVID-19 undervaccination: costs of hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death in Scotland.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Estimating the economic burden of diabetes in young adults: A global analysis based on the GBD 2021 and a value of statistical life year framework.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Article
- Estimating the global macroeconomic impact of colorectal cancer: evidence from Global Burden of Disease 2021 and Value of a Statistical Life Year framework.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- The Global Economic Burden of Tuberculosis: Regional Disparities and Implications.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Economic Analyses of COVID-19 Interventions: A Narrative Review of Global Evidence.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- High throughput screening for SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors targeting 5 helix bundle.SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D · 2025Article
- Estimating the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 transmission in the Netherlands.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Advances in the Treatment of Enterovirus-D68 and Rhinovirus Respiratory Infections.Infectious disease reports · 2025Review
- Vaccination rate and symptoms of long COVID among dental teams in Germany.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Economic Analyses for Disease Surveillance Planning and Advocacy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on routine surgical turnover in otolaryngology: a retrospective analysis of service dynamics utilizing finalized, cumulative data from a tertiary-care teaching institute in India.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Article
- Associated factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection among close contacts during the zero-COVID policy from 2020 to 2022 in the northeast of Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Following the Pandemic: Exploring Long COVID's impact on Global Health through the World Heart Federation Global COVID-19 Study.Global heart · 2025Article
- Burden of Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and SARS-CoV-2 with Consideration of Older Adults: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Co-creating a social science research agenda for Long Covid.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe economic burden of COVID-19 pandemic is substantial, with both direct and indirect costs playing a significant role.
designA systematic literature review was conducted to estimate the cost of the COVID-19 pandemic and the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical interventions. All cost data were adjusted to the 2021 Euro, and interventions compared with null. DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from January 2020 through 22 April 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies regarding COVID-19 outbreak or public health preparedness measures or interventions with outcome measures related to the direct and indirect costs for disease and preparedness and/or response in countries of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA), the UK and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) of all relevant epidemiological designs which estimate cost within the selected time frame were considered eligible. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Studies were searched, screened and coded independently by two reviewers with high measure of inter-rater agreement. Data were extracted to a predefined data extraction sheet. The risk of bias was assessed using the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria checklist.
resultsWe included data from 41 economic studies. Ten studies evaluated the cost of the COVID-19 pandemic, while 31 assessed the cost-benefit of public health surveillance, preparedness and response measures. Overall, the economic burden of the COVID-19 pandemic was found to be substantial. Community screening, bed provision policies, investing in personal-protective-equipment and vaccination strategies were cost-effective. Physical distancing measures were associated with health benefits; however, their cost-effectiveness was dependent on the duration, compliance and the phase of the epidemic in which it was implemented.
conclusionsCOVID-19 pandemic is associated with substantial short-term and long-term economic costs to healthcare systems, payers and societies, while interventions including testing and screening policies, vaccination and physical distancing policies were identified as those presenting cost-effective options to deal with the pandemic, dependent on population vaccination and the R
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