ReviewIn vivo (Athens, Greece)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Infection: What Is the Interplay?
Review in In vivo (Athens, Greece). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systemic treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced psoriasis: Inference-based guidance.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2025Pooled it
- Trends in hepatitis B virus seroprevalence in a large cohort of adult cancer patients from 2010 to 2023.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Review
- Metachronous severe multisystem immune-related adverse events during tremelimumab plus durvalumab therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinicopathological autopsy case report.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in HIV infection: current evidence on viral reservoir regulation and immune restoration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The incidence and risk factors of pulmonary infection complications in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Beyond Tumor Immunity: The Disruption of Endocrine and Infectious Homeostasis by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Immunoengineering: An Emerging Field in Infectious Diseases.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- The Role of Lactylation in Virus-Host Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Fragment-Based Immune Cell Engager Antibodies in Treatment of Cancer, Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons and Insights from Clinical and Translational Studies.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Memory T Cells in Respiratory Virus Infections: Protective Potential and Persistent Vulnerabilities.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Microneedle Technology for Overcoming Biological Barriers: Advancing Biomacromolecular Delivery and Therapeutic Applications in Major Diseases.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics and risk factors of late-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients with bacterial pulmonary infection and its relationship with cellular immune function.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Exploring the potential of the TCR repertoire as a tumor biomarker (Review).Oncology letters · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are receptors expressed on immune cells, especially T-cells, which activate immunosuppressive pathways and lead them to a state known as T-cell exhaustion. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) constitute a group of specific antibodies that target these molecules, restoring T-cell effector function. Several ICIs have already been approved by the FDA as therapeutic options for certain malignancies. However, evidence in the literature remains unclear regarding the possible risk of infection in patients receiving this treatment. A thorough examination of existing literature was carried out to investigate whether the use of ICIs increases the likelihood of specific infections and to explore the potential beneficial effects of ICIs on the treatment of infections. Our review found most infectious complications are related to immunosuppressive therapy for immune-related adverse events caused by checkpoint blockade. Current evidence shows that ICIs per se do not seem to generally increase the risk of infection, yet they might increase susceptibility to certain infections, such as tuberculosis. On the other hand, reinvigoration of immune responses triggered by ICIs might play a significant role in pathogen clearance, establishing a possible positive impact of ICIs, especially on chronic infectious diseases, such as HIV infection. Data from preclinical models are limited and larger clinical trials are warranted to shed more light on the effect of immune checkpoint blockade on specific pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.