5-hydroxymethylcytosine sequencing in plasma cell-free DNA identifies unique epigenomic features in prostate cancer patients resistant to androgen deprivation therapies.

Background: Currently, no biomarkers are available to identify resistance to androgen-deprivation therapies (ADT) in men with hormone-naive prostate cancer. Since 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) in gene body are associated with gene activation, in this study, we evaluated whether 5hmC signatures in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) predicts early resistance to ADT. Results: We collected a total of 139 serial plasma samples from 55 prostate cancer patients receiving ADT at three time points including baseline (prior to initiating ADT, N=55), 3-month (after initiating ADT, N=55), and disease progression (N=15) within 24 months or 24-month if no progression was detected (N=14). To quantify 5hmC abundance across the genome, we used selective chemical labeling sequencing and mapped sequence reads to individual genes. Differential methylation analysis in baseline samples identified significant 5hmC difference in 1,642 of 23,433 genes between patients with and without progression (false discovery rate, FDR<0.1). Patients with disease progression showed significant 5hmC enrichments in multiple hallmark gene sets with androgen responses as top enriched gene set (FDR=1.19E-13). Interestingly, this enrichment was driven by a subgroup of patients featuring a significant 5hmC hypermethylation in the gene sets involving Conclusions: This study demonstrates that 5hmC-based activity scores from gene sets involved in