SynthesisJAMA network open2023
Use of Urea for the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in JAMA network open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hyponatraemia in heart failure: a mechanistic approach to contemporary management.Heart failure reviews · 2026Review
- Long-term Empagliflozin Use in Chronic Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis Due to Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in an elderly patient with traumatic brain injury: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Hyponatraemia in ageing.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Urea, TMAO, betaine and other osmolytes as endogenous diuretics in heart failure and hypertension.Heart failure reviews · 2025Review
- Safety and Efficacy of Tolvaptan for Acute Refractive Hyponatremia Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Review
- Clinical factors associated with hyponatremia correction during treatment with oral urea.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2025Article
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- The Different Paths That Lead to Hypotonic Hyponatremia, and a Safe Approach to Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- The Underutilization of Urea in the Treatment of SIADH - An Efficacious but Overlooked Solution.Cureus · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- [Consensus recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia from the Austrian Society for Nephrology 2024].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2024Article
- Long-Term Persistence of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Following Minor Head Injury.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2024Article
- Treatment of Refractory Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor.AACE endocrinology and diabetesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Importance: Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The effectiveness and safety of oral urea for SIADH are still debated. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of urea for the treatment of SIADH. Evidence Review: A systematic search of Medline and Embase was conducted for controlled and uncontrolled studies of urea for SIADH in adult patients. The primary outcome was serum sodium concentration after treatment. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients with osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), intracranial pressure, and resource use such as length of stay. Findings: Twenty-three studies involving 537 patients with SIADH were included, of which 462 were treated with urea. The pooled mean baseline serum sodium was 125.0 mmol/L (95% CI, 122.6-127.5 mmol/L). The median treatment duration with oral urea was 5 days. Urea increased serum sodium concentration by a mean of 9.6 mmol/L (95% CI, 7.5-11.7 mmol/L). The mean increase in serum sodium after 24 hours was 4.9 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.5-9.3 mmol/L). Adverse events were few, mainly consisting of distaste or dysgeusia, and no case of ODS was reported. Resource use was too infrequently reported to be synthesized. Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic review of the use of urea in SIADH and despite the lack of randomized clinical trials, lower-quality evidence was identified that suggests that urea may be an effective, safe, and inexpensive treatment modality that warrants further exploration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.