ArticleTobacco control2025
Including the term 'tobacco-free nicotine' in the nicotine addiction warning label mandated by the US Food and Drug Administration alters risk perceptions and use intentions.
Article in Tobacco control, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preliminary evaluation of UP2UTeacher, a brief intervention addressing tobacco and nicotine use for high school students.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Health warnings for electronic cigarette packaging: a rapid scoping review.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Responses to e-cigarette nicotine source descriptors: results from a randomised experiment.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Article
- A comprehensive review on oral nicotine pouches: Available scientific evidence and future research needs.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- The Potential Impact of Oral Nicotine Pouches on Public Health: A Scoping Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Oral mucosal changes caused by nicotine pouches: case series.Diagnostic pathology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires a warning label on nicotine e-cigarettes and pouches: 'This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical'. Some brands marketing synthetic nicotine products have modified the warning ('This product contains tobacco-free nicotine (TFN)…'). The public health impact of altering the warning is unknown, so we examined its impact on risk perceptions and use intentions.
methods1000 participants completed an anonymous online survey. Participants viewed the black-and-white FDA and TFN-modified warning labels in isolation, in a randomised order and reported on perceived addictiveness and, secondarily, use intentions. Participants then selected which label conveyed the most harm overall. Generalised estimating equations (GEEs) were used to evaluate the impact of label type and participant characteristics on perceived addictiveness and, secondarily, use intentions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate relationships between participant characteristics and choosing which label conveyed the most harm.
resultsOverall, the TFN-modified label was associated with lower addictiveness ratings but not increased use intentions. Where significant interactions between label type and participant characteristics emerged, TFN-modified labelling was associated with disproportionately reduced risk perceptions or increased use intentions among vulnerable populations (eg, underage individuals, racially minoritised groups). 25.5% of participants selected the TFN-modified label as conveying the most harm, with younger individuals (<21 years) significantly less likely to choose the TFN-modified label.
conclusionsModifying the FDA-mandated nicotine warning label to include 'tobacco-free nicotine' may negatively impact public health, so the FDA should enforce inclusion of its original required warning label.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.