ArticleThe New phytologist2024
Multiple mechanisms explain loss of anthocyanins from betalain-pigmented Caryophyllales, including repeated wholesale loss of a key anthocyanidin synthesis enzyme.
Article in The New phytologist, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anthocyanins and betalains in evolution: Why mutual exclusion remains the best-supported model.Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany) · 2026Review
- Evolutionary and functional divergence of MYB regulatory networks in flavonoid biosynthesis across Poaceae, non-Poaceae monocots, and eudicot horticultural plants.Horticulture research · 2026Review
- Advances in Betalain Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering for Sustainable Natural Pigment Production.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2026Review
- Blue Light and Methyl Jasmonate Synergistically Enhance Betalain Accumulation, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, and Osmotic Adjustment in Sugar Beet (Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Genetic basis of alkaloid divergence in the Solanaceae.Plant molecular biology · 2026Article
- The Biosynthesis and Functions of Flavonoids: Recent Advances From Studies Across Land Plant Diversity.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2026Review
- Genome sequence of the ornamental plant Digitalis purpurea reveals the molecular basis of flower color and morphology variation.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Convergence between light quality and methyl jasmonate signaling in the regulation of betalain biosynthesis.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Diversity and ecological functions of anthocyanins.BMC plant biology · 2025Review
- Evolutionary dynamics of the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis gene LAR.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis provides insights into anthocyanin biosynthesis in Portulaca oleracea.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Transcription Factors AsMYB1 and AsMYB3 Regulate Betalain Biosynthesis inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- CoExpPhylo - a novel pipeline for biosynthesis gene discovery.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Multiple transitions to high l-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity reveal molecular pathways to convergent betalain pigmentation in Caryophyllales.The New phytologist · 2025Article
- The PavMYB.C2-UFGT module contributes to fruit coloration via modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet cherry.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Transcontinental patterns in floral pigment abundance among animal-pollinated species.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Integrative Omics Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Djulis Spikes.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- In planta complementation of the betalain biosynthetic pathway with a bacterial dioxygenase.PloS one · 2025Article
- Evolution of plant metabolism: the state-of-the-art.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
- Evolutionary trajectory of transcription factors and selection of targets for metabolic engineering.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the genetic mechanisms responsible for the loss of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented Caryophyllales, considering our hypothesis of multiple transitions to betalain pigmentation. Utilizing transcriptomic and genomic datasets across 357 species and 31 families, we scrutinize 18 flavonoid pathway genes and six regulatory genes spanning four transitions to betalain pigmentation. We examined evidence for hypotheses of wholesale gene loss, modified gene function, altered gene expression, and degeneration of the MBW (MYB-bHLH-WD40) trasnscription factor complex, within betalain-pigmented lineages. Our analyses reveal that most flavonoid synthesis genes remain conserved in betalain-pigmented lineages, with the notable exception of TT19 orthologs, essential for the final step in anthocyanidin synthesis, which appear to have been repeatedly and entirely lost. Additional late-stage flavonoid pathway genes upstream of TT19 also manifest strikingly reduced expression in betalain-pigmented species. Additionally, we find repeated loss and alteration in the MBW transcription complex essential for canonical anthocyanin synthesis. Consequently, the loss and exclusion of anthocyanins in betalain-pigmented species appear to be orchestrated through several mechanisms: loss of a key enzyme, downregulation of synthesis genes, and degeneration of regulatory complexes. These changes have occurred iteratively in Caryophyllales, often coinciding with evolutionary transitions to betalain pigmentation.
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