Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37896570›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023

Two-Stage Feature Generator for Handwritten Digit Classification.

M Altinay Gunler Pirim, Hakan Tora, Kasim Oztoprak, İsmail Butun

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

M Altinay Gunler PirimVakifbank, 06200 Ankara, Turkey.
Hakan ToraDepartment of Avionics, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey.
Kasim OztoprakDepartment of Computer Engineering, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080 Konya, Turkey.ORCID 0000-0003-2483-8070
İsmail ButunDepartment of Computer Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-1723-5741

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this paper, a novel feature generator framework is proposed for handwritten digit classification. The proposed framework includes a two-stage cascaded feature generator. The first stage is based on principal component analysis (PCA), which generates projected data on principal components as features. The second one is constructed by a partially trained neural network (PTNN), which uses projected data as inputs and generates hidden layer outputs as features. The features obtained from the PCA and PTNN-based feature generator are tested on the MNIST and USPS datasets designed for handwritten digit sets. Minimum distance classifier (MDC) and support vector machine (SVM) methods are exploited as classifiers for the obtained features in association with this framework. The performance evaluation results show that the proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques and achieves accuracies of 99.9815% and 99.9863% on the MNIST and USPS datasets, respectively. The results also show that the proposed framework achieves almost perfect accuracies, even with significantly small training data sizes.

Indexed as

minimum distance classifierneural networkpattern recognitionprincipal component analysissoft sensorsupport vector machine

Identifiers

PMID37896570
PMCPMC10610940

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.