ArticleScientific reports2023
Gender versus sex in predicting outcomes of traumatic brain injury: a cohort study utilizing large administrative databases.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of instruments for measuring sex and gender attributes: assessment of measurement properties and utility in research on clinical and functional outcomes.Biomedical engineering online · 2026Pooled it
- The effects of sex and gender attributes on clinical outcomes: a systematic review.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Cognitive rehabilitation using virtual reality in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Predictors of Three-Month Outcome After Surgical Treatment of Acute Extra-Axial Hematomas.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Psilocybin restores behavior and 5-HTCell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Development of a gender score and its association with treatment outcomes in fragility fracture patients screened through Ontario's Fracture Screening and Prevention Program.Archives of osteoporosis · 2026Article
- Explainable machine learning of PROGRESS-Plus social factors predicts cognitive trajectories after traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Applicability of Existing Gender Scores for German Clinical Research Data: Scoping Review and Data Mapping.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill adult patients admitted with traumatic brain injury: a cohort study.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2025Article
- Correlating Various Clinical Outcomes and Associated Dispositions in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Early Pupil Abnormality Frequency Predicts Poor Outcomes and Enhances International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury (IMPACT) Model Prognostication in Traumatic Brain Injury.Critical care explorations · 2025Observational
- Sex differences and gender-oriented characteristics in intensive care unit admissions for patients with traumatic brain injury in Spain.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Prevotella copri transplantation promotes neurorehabilitation in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in Neurological Emergencies Presenting to Multiple Urban Level 1 Trauma Centers.Neurotrauma reports · 2023Article
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Understanding the factors associated with elevated risks and adverse consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an integral part of developing preventive measures for TBI. Brain injury outcomes differ based on one's sex (biological characteristics) and gender (social characteristics reflecting norms and relationships), however, whether it is sex or gender that drives differences in early (30-day) mortality and discharge location post-TBI is not well understood. In the absence of a gender variable in existing data, we developed a method for "measuring gender" in 276,812 residents of Ontario, Canada who entered the emergency department and acute care hospitals with a TBI diagnostic code between April 1st, 2002, and March 31st, 2020. We applied logistic regression to analyse differences in diagnostic codes between the sexes and to derive a gender score that reflected social dimensions. We used the derived gender score along with a sex variable to demonstrate how it can be used to separate the relationship between sex, gender and TBI outcomes after severe TBI. Sex had a significant effect on early mortality after severe TBI with a rate ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 1.54 (1.24-1.91). Gender had a more significant effect than sex on discharge location. A person expressing more "woman-like" characteristics had lower odds of being discharged to rehabilitation versus home with odds ratio (95% CI) of 0.54 (0.32-0.88). The method we propose offers an opportunity to measure a gender effect independently of sex on TBI outcomes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.